Columbia County, NY, is semi-rural with a few heavy industries. Of its approximately 63,000 current residents, about 7,000 live in the largest city and county seat, Hudson. The county has had a depressed economy for the last 50 years, although it has begun to benefit from the encroachment of the New York City metropolitan area. When the study began in 1960, there were 38 public and private third-grade classrooms in the county, all of which were included in the sample. Over 90% of the original sample of 856 participants was Caucasian; 51% were male and 49% were female. The number of ethnic minorities (i.e., 3% African American, <1% Asian or Pacific Islanders, <1% Hispanic) was too small to allow separate analyses. In this first wave, 85% of the participants’ mothers and 71% of their fathers also were interviewed. The participants came from a broad range of socioeconomic backgrounds (M=5.01, SD=2.23 on a 10-point scale of father’s occupational status derived by Eron et al., 1971, based on Warner et al.’s, 1960, 7-point scale; this mean reflects jobs such as craftsmen, foremen,
