Univariate analyses were consistent with previous findings regarding the direction of effects for different dimensions of R/S influence. Where significant, personal R/S variables (Religious Attendance, Motivation/Devotion, and Existential Well-being) consistently delayed progression (H. G. Koenig et al., 2001; Miller et al., 1997). Religious affiliation, however, was mixed in its pattern of effects, this pattern replicating that found in four earlier studies (Haber et al., 2012; Haber & Jacob, 2007, 2009; L. B. Koenig et al., 2011). That is, delayed progression was observed for Differentiating affiliations (e.g., conservative Protestant, evangelical, and fundamental affiliations) and for affiliations with reported rules against all alcohol use. Religion-based differentiation appears to protect adherents in an alcohol-permissive majority culture. In contrast, Accommodating and Catholic religious affiliations were usually positively associated with AD, thus accelerating progression and acting as risk factors. This latter result, however, may be confounded with another characteristic. Both Accommodating (Lutheran, Presbyterian, and Methodist) and Catholic churches have longstanding traditions in American culture, and some adherents might endorse these religions simply because they were raised with that identification even if not practicing the religion per se. Nominal endorsements could inflate estimates of risk.
