Cigarette smoking and incidence of first depressive episode: an 11-year, population-based follow-up study.
paper
Cited
Public
Unavailable
- Authors
- Klungsรธyr, Ole; Nygรฅrd, Jan F; Sรธrensen, Tom; Sandanger, Inger
- Year
- 2006
- Journal
- American journal of epidemiology
- PMID
- 16394201
- DOI
- 10.1093/aje/kwj058
Smoking has been found to be associated with depression. Biologic hypotheses support causation in both directions. This study examined the association between cigarette smoking and a subsequent first depression. In 1990, 2,014 adults in Norway were interviewed about their lifestyle and mental health. A 2001 reinterview by trained interviewers defined the study cohort of 1,190 participants. The cases were those who experienced a first depression whose onset was estimated to occur during the follow-up period, based on retrospective assessment by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision). Cox regression was used to estimate the hazard rate of depression during follow-up. Alternative explanations for a direct causal influence from smoking on subsequent depression were assessed, and a sensitivity analysis was performed. The risk of depression was four times as high for heavy smokers compared with never smokers. A dose-response relation with an increasing hazard for past smokers and for an increasing number of cigarettes smoked per day for current smokers was found. Similarly, increasing smoking time was associated with increasing risk. Failure of other plausible alternatives to explain the observed association between smoking and depression might reflect a direct causal influence of smoking on depression.
No figures extracted from this document.
No chunks โ full text not yet ingested.
No entities extracted from this document yet.
No uploaded files.
Not in any collection.
No citations found.
In this knowledge base
External
| Title | Authors | Journal | Year | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interpersonal violence attributed to smoking, globally and in Iran: Global burden of disease study. | A B Khan M et al. | โ | 2025 | โ |
| Tobacco Use Is Associated With Mental Illness and Substance Use Problems-Now What? | Prochaska JJ | โ | 2025 | โ |
| Association between atherogenic index of plasma and depressive symptoms in US adults: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005 to 2018. | Ye Z et al. | โ | 2024 | โ |
| Increased regional body fat is associated with depressive symptoms: a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES data obtained during 2011-2018. | Zhang G et al. | โ | 2024 | โ |
| Life-Course Associations Between Smoking and Depressive Symptoms. A 30-Year Finnish Follow-up Study. | Kiviruusu O et al. | โ | 2024 | โ |
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors for Cessation of Betel Quid Use in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder in Taiwan. | Hung CC et al. | โ | 2024 | โ |
| The Risk of Severe Fibromyalgia, Depression, Anxiety, and Insomnia Symptoms in Arab Women: An Implication of Self-Medication with Analgesics? A Cross-Sectional Study. | Gammoh O et al. | โ | 2024 | โ |
| Facilitating Mental Health Treatment Through Proactive Screening and Concierge Services in the Workplace. | Fragala MS et al. | โ | 2023 | โ |
| Fluoxetine rescues the depressive-like behaviour induced by reserpine and the altered emotional behaviour induced by nicotine withdrawal in zebrafish: Involvement of tyrosine hydroxylase. | Braida D et al. | โ | 2023 | โ |
| Maternal smoking during pregnancy, offspring smoking, adverse childhood events, and risk of major depression: a sibling design study. | Shenassa ED et al. | โ | 2023 | โ |
| Smoking and Depression Risk Reduction in a Primary Care Setting. | Mahmood N et al. | โ | 2023 | โ |
| Exposure to Secondhand Smoke at Home and Psychological Distress among College Students in China: The Role of Parental Attachment. | Wang Q | โ | 2022 | โ |
| Monoamine oxidase inhibition in cigarette smokers: From preclinical studies to tobacco product regulation. | Sved AF et al. | โ | 2022 | โ |
| The effects of smoking habit change on the risk of depression-Analysis of data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service. | Kim GE et al. | โ | 2022 | โ |
| Adaptation of the Young Adults' Cigarette Dependence (YACD) Scale for the development and validation of the Adolescent Cigarette Dependence Scale (ACDS). | Hallit S et al. | โ | 2021 | โ |
| Associations between family social circumstances and psychological distress among the university students of Bangladesh: To what extent do the lifestyle factors mediate? | Huda MN et al. | โ | 2021 | โ |
| Comorbid major depression in first-episode drug-naรฏve patients with schizophrenia: Analysis of the Depression in Schizophrenia in China (DISC) study. | Li Z et al. | โ | 2021 | โ |
| Comprehensive analysis of depression-related factors among middle-aged residents in Japan, an Eastern culture: A cross-sectional study. | Fukita S et al. | โ | 2021 | โ |
| Household food insecurity is associated with depressive symptoms in the Canadian adult population. | Shafiee M et al. | โ | 2021 | โ |
| I smoke to cope with pain: patients' perspectives on the link between cigarette smoking and pain. | Lee M et al. | โ | 2021 | โ |
| Sex Difference in Comorbid Depression in First-Episode and Drug-Naive Patients With Schizophrenia: Baseline Results From the Depression in Schizophrenia in China Study. | Li Z et al. | โ | 2021 | โ |
| Smoking and Neuropsychiatric Disease-Associations and Underlying Mechanisms. | Hahad O et al. | โ | 2021 | โ |
| Use of alcohol, drugs, inhalants, and smoking tobacco and the long-term risk of depression in men: A nationwide Swedish cohort study from 1969-2017. | Gentile A et al. | โ | 2021 | โ |
| An analysis of the relationship between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, smoking and depression in an integrated healthcare system. | Riblet NB et al. | โ | 2020 | โ |
| Smoking, obesity, and their co-occurrence in the U.S. military veterans:ย results from the national health and resilience in veterans study. | Stefanovics EA et al. | โ | 2020 | โ |
| Tobacco smoking and health-related quality of life among university students: Mediating effect of depression. | Milic M et al. | โ | 2020 | โ |
| Chronic medical conditions and metabolic syndrome as risk factors for incidence of major depressive disorder: A longitudinal study based on 4.7 million adults in South Korea. | Han KM et al. | โ | 2019 | โ |
| Depression Outcomes in Smokers and Nonsmokers: Comparison of Collaborative Care Management Versus Usual Care. | Akambase JA et al. | โ | 2019 | โ |
| How Are Self-Reported Physical and Mental Health Conditions Related to Vaping Activities among Smokers and Quitters: Findings from the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Wave 1 Survey. | Li L et al. | โ | 2019 | โ |
| Risk Factors of Suicide Death Based on Psychological Autopsy Method; a Case-Control Study. | Rasouli N et al. | โ | 2019 | โ |
| The 2016 Tips From Former Smokersยฎ Campaign: Associations With Quit Intentions and Quit Attempts Among Smokers With and Without Mental Health Conditions. | Prochaska JJ et al. | โ | 2019 | โ |
| The association between smokers' self-reported health problems and quitting: Findings from the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Wave 1 Survey. | Li L et al. | โ | 2019 | โ |
| Tobacco 21: Increase Age, Decrease Risk-A Commentary. | McKenzie NL et al. | โ | 2019 | โ |
| Do health-related factors predict major depression? A longitudinal epidemiologic study. | Zhang XC et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Genome-wide association study identifies glutamate ionotropic receptor GRIA4 as a risk gene for comorbid nicotine dependence and major depression. | Zhou H et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Marijuana Use and Depressive Symptoms; Gender Differences in African American Adolescents. | Assari S et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Nicotinic receptors mediate stress-nicotine detrimental interplay via dopamine cells' activity. | Morel C et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| The Temporal Relationship between Selected Mental Disorders and Substance-Related Disorders: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study. | Chiu ML et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Does the number of previous mood episodes moderate the relationship between alcohol use, smoking and mood in bipolar outpatients? | Ter Meulen WG et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Innovative approaches to support smoking cessation for individuals with mental illness and co-occurring substance use disorders. | Das S et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Six-Month Outcomes for Collaborative Care Management of Depression Among Smoking and Nonsmoking Patients. | Witt DR et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Smoking, Mental Illness, and Public Health. | Prochaska JJ et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Temporal sequencing of nicotine dependence and major depressive disorder: A U.S. national study. | Martรญnez-Ortega JM et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| The Association of Cigarette Smoking With Depression and Anxiety: A Systematic Review. | Fluharty M et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| The role of unhealthy lifestyles in the incidence and persistence of depression: a longitudinal general population study in four emerging countries. | Cabello M et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Cognitive Dysfunction, Affective States, and Vulnerability to Nicotine Addiction: A Multifactorial Perspective. | Besson M et al. | โ | 2016 | โ |
| Gene-Environment Interactions Between Depressive Symptoms and Smoking Quantity. | Keskitalo-Vuokko K et al. | โ | 2016 | โ |
| Increased Risk of Major Depression With Early Age of Exposure to Cigarettes. | Devkota B et al. | โ | 2016 | โ |
| Longitudinal Mediation Modeling of Unhealthy Behaviors as Mediators between Workplace Demands/Support and Depressive Symptoms. | Magnusson Hanson LL et al. | โ | 2016 | โ |
| Secondhand smoke exposure and mental health in adults: a meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. | Zeng YN et al. | โ | 2016 | โ |
| The Association of Panic Disorder, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Major Depression With Smoking in American Indians. | Sawchuk CN et al. | โ | 2016 | โ |
| Cigarette smoking and the onset and persistence of depression among adults in the United States: 1994-2005. | Bakhshaie J et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| Clustering of health risk behaviours and the relationship with mental disorders. | Vermeulen-Smit E et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| Co-morbid tobacco use disorder and depression: A re-evaluation of smoking cessation therapy in depressed smokers. | Morozova M et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| Depressive symptoms and self-reported adherence to medical recommendations to prevent cardiovascular disease: NHANES 2005-2010. | Berntson J et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| Gender differences in the associations among marijuana use, cigarette use, and symptoms of depression during adolescence and young adulthood. | Crane NA et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| Implementation of psychiatric-focused lifestyle medicine programs in Asia. | Sarris J et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| Nicotine Addiction and Psychiatric Disorders. | Kutlu MG et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| Nicotine and the adolescent brain. | Yuan M et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| Quality of life and risk of psychiatric disorders among regular users of alcohol, nicotine, and cannabis: An analysis of the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). | Cougle JR et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| Smoking, Suicidality and Psychosis: A Systematic Meta-Analysis. | Sankaranarayanan A et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| Socioeconomic related inequality in depression among young and middle-adult women in Indonesiaืณs major cities. | Christiani Y et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| STin2 VNTR polymorphism is associated with comorbid tobacco use and mood disorders. | Pizzo de Castro MR et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| Changes in prevalence of depression and anxiety following smoking cessation: results from an international cohort study (ATTEMPT). | Shahab L et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Current smoking and secondhand smoke exposure and depression among Korean adolescents: analysis of a national cross-sectional survey. | Lee KJ | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Lifestyle medicine for depression. | Sarris J et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Long-term depression and suicidal ideation outcomes subsequent to emancipation from foster care: pathways to psychiatric risk in the Mรฉtis population. | Kaspar V | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Plasma cotinine levels in cigarette smokers: impact of mental health and other correlates. | Bot M et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Prevalence and correlates of smoking status among veterans affairs primary care patients with probable major depressive disorder. | Lombardero A et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Smoking and major depressive disorder in Chinese women. | He Q et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Smoking cessation is associated with lower rates of mood/anxiety and alcohol use disorders. | Cavazos-Rehg PA et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| The association between smoking and depression from adolescence to adulthood. | Tjora T et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| The mediating role of depressive symptoms in the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and smoking. | Walsh EG et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| A prospective study of ideal cardiovascular health and depressive symptoms. | Espaรฑa-Romero V et al. | โ | 2013 | โ |
| Association of mental distress with smoking status in the community: Results from the Gutenberg Health Study. | Michal M et al. | โ | 2013 | โ |
| Characteristics of mothers with depressive symptoms outside the postpartum period. | Rosenthal DG et al. | โ | 2013 | โ |
| Cigarette smoking and onset of mood and anxiety disorders. | Mojtabai R et al. | โ | 2013 | โ |
| Cognitive biases in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and depression--a pilot study. | Fritzsche A et al. | โ | 2013 | โ |
| Depression and smoking: a 5-year prospective study of patients with major depressive disorder. | Holma IA et al. | โ | 2013 | โ |
| Depressive symptoms among heavy cigarette smokers: the influence of daily rate, gender, and race. | Payne TJ et al. | โ | 2013 | โ |
| Dimensions of Attitudes towards the Mentally Ill in the General Population Stability and Change over Time at Urban and Rural Sites. | Sรธrensen T et al. | โ | 2013 | โ |
| Exposure to secondhand smoke and depression and anxiety: a report from two studies in the Netherlands. | Bot M et al. | โ | 2013 | โ |
| Lifestyle management of unipolar depression. | Berk M et al. | โ | 2013 | โ |
| Prevalence and psychosocial determinants of nicotine dependence in nine countries of the former Soviet Union. | Roberts B et al. | โ | 2013 | โ |
| Smokers' increased risk for disability pension: social confounding or health-mediated effects? Gender-specific analyses of the Hordaland Health Study cohort. | Haukenes I et al. | โ | 2013 | โ |
| Spousal loss and health in late life: moving beyond emotional trauma. | Das A | โ | 2013 | โ |
| The causal role of smoking in anxiety and depression: a Mendelian randomization analysis of the HUNT study. | Bjรธrngaard JH et al. | โ | 2013 | โ |
| The intergenerational transmission of smoking in adulthood: a 25-year study of maternal and offspring maladaptive attributes. | Brook JS et al. | โ | 2013 | โ |
| Association of smoking and nicotine dependence with severity and course of symptoms in patients with depressive or anxiety disorder. | Jamal M et al. | โ | 2012 | โ |
| Association of smoking status, cumulative smoking, duration of smoking cessation, age of starting smoking, and depression in Korean adults. | Yun WJ et al. | โ | 2012 | โ |
| Cigarette smoking and risk of completed suicide: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. | Li D et al. | โ | 2012 | โ |
| Comorbid trajectories of tobacco and marijuana use as related to psychological outcomes. | Brook JS et al. | โ | 2012 | โ |
| Differences in happiness between smokers, ex-smokers and never smokers: cross-sectional findings from a national household survey. | Shahab L et al. | โ | 2012 | โ |
| Genetics of smoking and depression. | Tsuang MT et al. | โ | 2012 | โ |
| Nicotine dependence and comorbid psychiatric disorders: examination of specific genetic variants in the CHRNA5-A3-B4 nicotinic receptor genes. | Chen LS et al. | โ | 2012 | โ |
| Persistent heavy smoking as risk factor for major depression (MD) incidence--evidence from a longitudinal Canadian cohort of the National Population Health Survey. | Khaled SM et al. | โ | 2012 | โ |
| Predictors of and health services utilization related to depressive symptoms among elderly Koreans. | Shin JH et al. | โ | 2012 | โ |
| Age at smoking onset and the onset of depression and anxiety disorders. | Jamal M et al. | โ | 2011 | โ |
| A population-based twin study of the genetic and environmental relationship of major depression, regular tobacco use and nicotine dependence. | Edwards AC et al. | โ | 2011 | โ |
| A practical approach to assess depression risk and to guide risk reduction strategies in later life. | Almeida OP et al. | โ | 2011 | โ |
| A prospective study of smoking in young women and risk of later psychiatric hospitalization. | Sรธrensen HJ et al. | โ | 2011 | โ |
| Cardiovascular disease risk factors and depression in Korean women: results from the fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. | Park JE et al. | โ | 2011 | โ |
| Cigarette smoking and dimensions of depressive symptoms: longitudinal analysis among Finnish male and female twins. | Korhonen T et al. | โ | 2011 | โ |
| Cigarette smoking may modify the risk of depression in eczema among adults: a preliminary study using NHANES 2005-2006. | Yang YW et al. | โ | 2011 | โ |
| Depressive symptoms and smoking among young Turkish and Moroccan ethnic minority groups in The Netherlands: a cross-sectional study. | Acartรผrk CZ et al. | โ | 2011 | โ |
| Effect of co-administration of varenicline and antidepressants on extracellular monoamine concentrations in rat prefrontal cortex. | Rollema H et al. | โ | 2011 | โ |
| Effects of smoking cessation on pain in older adults. | Shi Y et al. | โ | 2011 | โ |
| Psychological distress is associated with tobacco smoking and quitting behaviour in the Australian population: evidence from national cross-sectional surveys. | Leung J et al. | โ | 2011 | โ |
| Psychosocial determinants of cigarette smoking among university students in Jordan. | Farajat M et al. | โ | 2011 | โ |
| Relationships between self-reported smoking, household environmental tobacco smoke exposure and depressive symptoms in a pregnant minority population. | Tan S et al. | โ | 2011 | โ |
| Structural models of the comorbidity of internalizing disorders and substance use disorders in a longitudinal birth cohort. | Fergusson DM et al. | โ | 2011 | โ |
| Tobacco smoking as a risk factor for depression. A 26-year population-based follow-up study. | Flensborg-Madsen T et al. | โ | 2011 | โ |
| What are candidate biobehavioral mechanisms underlying the association between secondhand smoke exposure and mental health? | Bandiera FC | โ | 2011 | โ |
| A longitudinal study of the relationship between lifestyle and mental health among midlife and older women in Australia: findings from the Healthy Aging of Women Study. | Xu Q et al. | โ | 2010 | โ |
| A longitudinal study on the causal association between smoking and depression. | Kang E et al. | โ | 2010 | โ |
| Association of breathlessness with multiple symptoms in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | Borge CR et al. | โ | 2010 | โ |
| Cigarette smoking and depression: tests of causal linkages using a longitudinal birth cohort. | Boden JM et al. | โ | 2010 | โ |
| Cigarette smoking and subsequent hospitalization in a cohort of young U.S. Navy female recruits. | Woodruff SI et al. | โ | 2010 | โ |
| Depression and bone mass. | Bab IA et al. | โ | 2010 | โ |
| Depression, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and osteoporosis. | Bab I et al. | โ | 2010 | โ |
| Depressive mood, suicide ideation and anxiety in smokers who do and smokers who do not manage to stop smoking after a target quit day. | Berlin I et al. | โ | 2010 | โ |
| Emotional and affective temperaments and cigarette smoking in a large sample. | Bisol LW et al. | โ | 2010 | โ |
| Failure to treat tobacco use in mental health and addiction treatment settings: a form of harm reduction? | Prochaska JJ | โ | 2010 | โ |
| Genetics of addictions. | Hartz SM et al. | โ | 2010 | โ |
| Genetics of addictions. | Hartz SM et al. | โ | 2010 | โ |
| Modifiable risk factors for incidence of pain in older adults. | Shi Y et al. | โ | 2010 | โ |
| Quitting smoking does not increase the risk of major depressive episodes among users of Internet smoking cessation interventions. | Torres LD et al. | โ | 2010 | โ |
| Secondhand smoke exposure and depressive symptoms. | Bandiera FC et al. | โ | 2010 | โ |
| Secondhand smoke policy and the risk of depression. | Bandiera FC et al. | โ | 2010 | โ |
| Sense of coherence and psychiatric morbidity: a 19-year register-based prospective study. | Kouvonen AM et al. | โ | 2010 | โ |
| Smoking in schizophrenia: diagnostic specificity, symptom correlates, and illness severity. | Kotov R et al. | โ | 2010 | โ |
| Smoking, nicotine and neuropsychiatric disorders. | Dome P et al. | โ | 2010 | โ |
| The effect of stopping smoking on perceived stress levels. | Hajek P et al. | โ | 2010 | โ |
| Adult versus adolescent onset of smoking: how are mood disorders and other risk factors involved? | Ajdacic-Gross V et al. | โ | 2009 | โ |
| Cardiovascular risk factors and life events as antecedents of depressive symptoms in middle and early-old age: PATH Through Life Study. | Anstey KJ et al. | โ | 2009 | โ |
| Contribution of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity and environmental stress to vulnerability for smoking in adolescents. | Rao U et al. | โ | 2009 | โ |
| Depressive symptoms, smoking, and cigarette price elasticity: results from a population-based survey in Taiwan. | Chang HH et al. | โ | 2009 | โ |
| Global reach of an Internet smoking cessation intervention among Spanish- and English-speaking smokers from 157 countries. | Barrera AZ et al. | โ | 2009 | โ |
| Individual and family correlates for cigarette smoking among Taiwanese college students. | Gau SS et al. | โ | 2009 | โ |
| Modifiable risk factors predicting major depressive disorder at four year follow-up: a decision tree approach. | Batterham PJ et al. | โ | 2009 | โ |
| Nicotine exposure during adolescence induces a depression-like state in adulthood. | Iรฑiguez SD et al. | โ | 2009 | โ |
| Prevalence of cigarette smoking in schizophrenic patients compared to other hospital admitted psychiatric patients. | Ziaaddini H et al. | โ | 2009 | โ |
| Selection effects in psychiatric epidemiology: a 14-year prospective study of the Hopkins Symptom Check List-25 as a predictor of mortality in the Norwegian general population. | Nygรฅrd JF et al. | โ | 2009 | โ |
| Sensitivity analysis for unmeasured confounding in a marginal structural Cox proportional hazards model. | Klungsรธyr O et al. | โ | 2009 | โ |
| Smoking, nicotine dependence and mental health among young adults: a 13-year population-based longitudinal study. | Pedersen W et al. | โ | 2009 | โ |
| Active and passive smoking and depression among Japanese workers. | Nakata A et al. | โ | 2008 | โ |
| Cerebrovascular risk factors and incident depression in community-dwelling elderly. | Luijendijk HJ et al. | โ | 2008 | โ |
| Going up in smoke: tobacco smoking is associated with worse treatment outcomes in mania. | Berk M et al. | โ | 2008 | โ |
| [Role of tobacco use on the incidence of depression in the SUN cohort study]. | Sรกnchez-Villegas A et al. | โ | 2008 | โ |
| Smoking in relation to anxiety and depression: evidence from a large population survey: the HUNT study. | Mykletun A et al. | โ | 2008 | โ |
| The association between depressive symptoms and smoking in pregnant adolescents. | Bottomley KL et al. | โ | 2008 | โ |
| Tobacco smoking and depression--results from the WHO/ISBRA study. | Wiesbeck GA et al. | โ | 2008 | โ |
| Tobacco smoking as a risk factor for major depressive disorder: population-based study. | Pasco JA et al. | โ | 2008 | โ |
| Cancer in people with depression or anxiety: record-linkage study. | Goldacre MJ et al. | โ | 2007 | โ |
| Does cannabis use predict the first incidence of mood and anxiety disorders in the adult population? | van Laar M et al. | โ | 2007 | โ |
| Prevalence and risk factors for depression in a longitudinal, population-based study including individuals in the community and residential care. | Anstey KJ et al. | โ | 2007 | โ |
| Profiles of tamoxifen-related side effects by race and smoking status in women with breast cancer. | Zhan M et al. | โ | 2007 | โ |
| Smoking is associated with first-ever incidence of mental disorders: a prospective population-based study. | Cuijpers P et al. | โ | 2007 | โ |
| Use of antidepressants and risk of lung cancer. | Toh S et al. | โ | 2007 | โ |
| Depression and smoking across 25 years of the Normative Aging Study. | Kinnunen T et al. | โ | 2006 | โ |
| Re: "Cigarette smoking and incidence of first depressive episode: An 11-year, population-based follow-up study". | Sheikh K | โ | 2006 | โ |
| Re: "Cigarette smoking and incidence of first depressive episode: An 11-year, population-based follow-up study". | Ross CM | โ | 2006 | โ |