A latent class analysis of DSM-IV and Fagerström (FTND) criteria for nicotine dependence.
- Authors
- Agrawal, Arpana; Scherrer, Jeffrey F; Pergadia, Michele L; Lynskey, Michael T; Madden, Pamela A F; Sartor, Carolyn E; Grant, Julia D; Duncan, Alexis E; Haber, Jon R; Jacob, Theodore; Bucholz, Kathleen K; Xian, Hong
- Year
- 2011
- Journal
- Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
- PMID
- 21778154
- DOI
- 10.1093/ntr/ntr105
- PMCID
- PMC3179671
BACKGROUND: Nicotine dependence is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Two predominant classification systems, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) and Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), have been used to measure liability to nicotine dependence, yet few studies have attempted to simultaneously examine both sets of criteria. METHODS: Using a sample of 624 regular smoking individuals who are offspring of Vietnam Era Twin fathers ascertained for an offspring of twin study, we applied latent class analysis to the 7 DSM-IV and the 6 FTND criteria to classify individuals by their nicotine dependence symptom profiles. Post-hoc across-class comparisons were conducted using a variety of smoking-related variables and aspects of psychopathology. Whether a single class identified offspring at high genetic and environmental vulnerability was also investigated. RESULTS: The cross-diagnosis kappa was .30. A 4-class solution fit these data best. The classes included a low DSM-low FTND class and a high DSM-high FTND class; a moderate DSM-moderate FTND class, which was distinguished by moderate levels of smoking and intermediate levels of comorbid psychopathology; and a light smoking-moderate FTND class consisting primarily of lighter smokers with a more recent onset of regular smoking. High genetic and environmental vulnerability to nicotine dependence was noted in all classes with no statistically significant across-class differences. CONCLUSIONS: In general, the DSM-IV and FTND criteria performed similarly to define a continuum of risk for nicotine dependence. The emerging class of light smokers should be further investigated to assess whether they transition to another class or remain as such.
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