Hippocampal theta rhythm: a tag for short-term memory.
paper
Cited
Public
Unavailable
- Authors
- Vertes, Robert P
- Year
- 2005
- Journal
- Hippocampus
- PMID
- 16149083
- DOI
- 10.1002/hipo.20118
The theta rhythm is the largest extracellular synchronous signal that can be recorded from the mammalian brain, and has been strongly implicated in mnemonic functions of the hippocampus. We advance the proposal that the theta rhythm represents a "tag" for short-term memory processing in the hippocampus. We propose that the hippocampus receives two main types of input, theta from ascending brainstem-diencephalo-septal systems and "information bearing" mainly from thalamocortical and cortical systems. The temporal convergence of activity of these two systems results in the encoding of information in the hippocampus, primarily reaching it via cortical routes. By analogy to processes associated with long-term potentiation (LTP), we suggest that theta represents a strong depolarizing influence on NMDA receptor-containing cells of the hippocampus. The temporal coupling of a theta-induced depolarization and the release of glutamate to these cells from intra- and extrahippocampal sources activates them. This, in turn, initiates processes leading to a (short-term) strengthening of connections between presynaptic ("information bearing") and postsynaptic neurons of the hippocampus. Theta is selectively present in the rat during active exploratory movements. During exploration, a rat continually gathers and updates information about its environment. If this information is temporally coupled to theta (as with the case of locomotion), it becomes temporarily stored in the hippocampus by mechanisms similar to the early phase of LTP (E-LTP). If the exploratory behavior of the rat goes unreinforced, these relatively short-lasting traces (1-3 h) gradually weaken and eventually fade-to be reupdated. On the other hand, if the explorations of the rat lead to rewards (or punishments), additional modulatory inputs to the hippocampus become activated and convert the short-term, theta-dependent memory, into long-term stores.
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| Hippocampal network activity is transiently altered by induction of long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus of freely behaving rats. | Bikbaev A et al. | β | 2007 | β |
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| Origin and topography of fibers contributing to the fornix in macaque monkeys. | Saunders RC et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Oscillations of local field potentials in the rat dorsal striatum during spontaneous and instructed behaviors. | DeCoteau WE et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| The supramammillo-septal-hippocampal pathway mediates sensorimotor gating impairment and hyperlocomotion induced by MK-801 and ketamine in rats. | Ma J et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Efferent projections of reuniens and rhomboid nuclei of the thalamus in the rat. | Vertes RP et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Exploratory whisking by rat is not phase locked to the hippocampal theta rhythm. | Berg RW et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Global rhythmic activities in hippocampal neural fields and neural coding. | Ventriglia F | β | 2006 | β |
| Novelty exploration elicits a reversal of acute stress-induced modulation of hippocampal synaptic plasticity in the rat. | Yang CH et al. | β | 2006 | β |