Comorbidity between DSM-IV alcohol use disorders and major depression: results of a national survey.
- Authors
- Grant, B F; Harford, T C
- Year
- 1995
- Journal
- Drug and alcohol dependence
- PMID
- 8556968
- DOI
- 10.1016/0376-8716(95)01160-4
The purpose of this study was to describe detailed patterns of comorbidity between Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders--Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) alcohol use disorders and major depression using a representative sample of the United States. Comorbidity rates and associations between DSM-IV alcohol use disorders and major depression were expressed as odds ratios with confidence intervals adjusted for the complex design characteristics of the NLAES. Comorbidity analyses were presented by sex, ethnicity and age for past year, prior to past year and lifetime diagnoses. Virtually all odds ratios were significantly greater than 1.0, demonstrating that comorbidity of alcohol use disorders and major depression is pervasive in the general population. The magnitude of the association remained stable across the three time frames but diagnostic and subgroup variations in comorbidity were noted. The association between alcohol dependence and major depression was greater than the association between abuse and major depression and the association between alcohol abuse and major depression was consistently greater for females and blacks, compared to their male and non-black counterparts. Implications of the results are discussed in terms of professional help seeking, the self-medication hypothesis, and differential social control theory.
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| Race/ethnicity differences between alcohol, marijuana, and co-occurring alcohol and marijuana use disorders and their association with public health and social problems using a national sample. | Pacek LR et al. | β | 2012 | β |
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| The Association between Alcohol Dependence and Depression before and after Treatment for Alcohol Dependence. | Kuria MW et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| The effect of intermittent alcohol vapor or pulsatile heroin on somatic and negative affective indices during spontaneous withdrawal in Wistar rats. | Williams AM et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| The influence of five monoamine genes on trajectories of depressive symptoms across adolescence and young adulthood. | Adkins DE et al. | β | 2012 | β |
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| Alcohol and depression. | Boden JM et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Alcohol induced depressive-like behavior is associated with a reduction in hippocampal BDNF. | Hauser SR et al. | β | 2011 | β |
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| Combining sertraline and naltrexone in the treatment of adults with comorbid depression and alcohol dependence. | Balaratnasingam S et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Common genetic influences on depression, alcohol, and substance use disorders in Mexican-American families. | Olvera RL et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Did lifetime rates of alcohol use disorders increase by 67% in 10 years? A comparison of NLAES and NESARC. | VergΓ©s A et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Dual diagnosis and chronology of illness in treatment-seeking Italian patients dependent on heroin. | Maremmani AG et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Effect of comorbid alcohol and drug use disorders on premature death among unipolar and bipolar disorder decedents in the United States, 1999 to 2006. | Yoon YH et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Gender differences in the effects of ADH1B and ALDH2 polymorphisms on alcoholism. | Kimura M et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Heavy/binge drinking and depressive symptoms in older adults: gender differences. | Choi NG et al. | β | 2011 | β |
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| Neuropsychological functioning and outcomes of treatment for co-occurring depression and substance use disorders. | Granholm E et al. | β | 2011 | β |
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| Racial differences in symptoms, comorbidity, and treatment for major depressive disorder among black and white adults. | Hankerson SH et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Structural models of the comorbidity of internalizing disorders and substance use disorders in a longitudinal birth cohort. | Fergusson DM et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| The brain-derived neurotrophic factor is associated with alcohol dependence-related depression and antidepressant response. | Su N et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| The prevalence of alcohol use disorders among night-time weekend drivers. | Furr-Holden CD et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of alcoholism: from ancient to modern. | Liu Q et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial combining sertraline and naltrexone for treating co-occurring depression and alcohol dependence. | Pettinati HM et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Barriers and facilitators for alcohol treatment for women: are there more or less for rural women? | Small J et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Beta-endorphin mediates behavioral despair and the effect of ethanol on the tail suspension test in mice. | Barfield ET et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Clinical outcomes of an integrated treatment for depression and substance use disorders. | Lydecker KP et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Comorbidity of ADHD and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): a neuroimaging perspective. | Frodl T | β | 2010 | β |
| Delineating the psychic structure of substance abuse and addictions: should anxiety, mood and impulse-control dysregulation be included? | Pani PP et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Depression and low bone mineral density: The correlation among Chinese. | Kurmanji JM et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Depression, fracture risk, and bone loss: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. | Wu Q et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Effects of prolonged ethanol vapor exposure on forced swim behavior, and neuropeptide Y and corticotropin-releasing factor levels in rat brains. | Walker BM et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Focus on: Comorbid mental health disorders. | Anthenelli RM | β | 2010 | β |
| Grandparents raising grandchildren: the association of grandparents' self-reported use of alcohol and drugs and their emotional well-being. | Longoria RA | β | 2010 | β |
| It's the algorithm! Why differential rates of chronicity and comorbidity are not evidence for the validity of the abuse-dependence distinction. | VergΓ©s A et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Mood stabilizers in the treatment of substance use disorders. | Maremmani I et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder's role in integrated substance dependence and depression treatment outcomes. | Norman SB et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Smoking and drinking in relation to depressive symptoms among persons with oral cancer or oral epithelial dysplasia. | Morse DE et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Suicidal behavior and alcohol abuse. | Pompili M et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Three (or more) alcohol-dependence symptoms but not clustered in the same 12 months: diagnostic orphans from a longitudinal perspective. | Littlefield AK et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Combat posttraumatic stress disorder, substance use disorders, and traumatic brain injury. | Brady KT et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Co-morbidity of alcohol dependence and select affective and anxiety disorders among individuals of East Indian and African ancestry in Trinidad and Tobago. | Shafe S et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Concurrent anxiety and substance use disorders among outpatients with major depression: clinical features and effect on treatment outcome. | Howland RH et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Depression and low bone mineral density: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. | Wu Q et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Gender differences in high-risk situations for drinking: are they mediated by depressive symptoms? | Lau-Barraco C et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Longitudinal association of alcohol use with HIV disease progression and psychological health of women with HIV. | Ghebremichael M et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Mental disorders as risk factors for later substance dependence: estimates of optimal prevention and treatment benefits. | Glantz MD et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Mood-related drinking motives mediate the familial association between major depression and alcohol dependence. | Young-Wolff KC et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Parental depression as a moderator of secondary deficits of depression in adult offspring. | Timko C et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Pathways between nonmedical opioid use/dependence and psychiatric disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. | Martins SS et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Toward national estimates of alcohol use disorders among drivers: results from the National Roadside Survey Pilot Program. | Furr-Holden CD et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Treatment challenges associated with comorbid substance use and posttraumatic stress disorder: clinicians' perspectives. | Back SE et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Affective Disorders, Bone Metabolism, and Osteoporosis. | Mezuk B | β | 2008 | β |
| Depression and osteoporosis: epidemiology and potential mediating pathways. | Mezuk B et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Differential criterion functioning of alcohol use symptomatology in major depressive disorder? | Lynskey MT et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Introduction to the special issue: international perspectives on women's substance use. | Wiechelt SA | β | 2008 | β |
| Involvement of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) in differential ethanol exposure and withdrawal related depression in rat: neuroanatomical-behavioral correlates. | Kokare DM et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Is depressed mood in childhood associated with an increased risk for initiation of alcohol use during early adolescence? | Crum RM et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Major depression and comorbid substance use disorders. | Davis L et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Neurobiology of addiction. An integrative review. | Goodman A | β | 2008 | β |
| The association of depression and anxiety with obesity and unhealthy behaviors among community-dwelling US adults. | Strine TW et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| The impact of alcohol use on depressive symptoms in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. | Sullivan LE et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Treatment of Co-occurring Depression and Substance Dependence: Using Meta-analysis to Guide Clinical Recommendations. | Nunes EV et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| A co-morbidity of alcohol dependence with other psychiatric disorders in young adult Mexican Americans. | Gilder DA et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Affective disorders, anxiety disorders and psychological distress in non-drinkers. | Rodgers B et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| A genome-wide linkage analysis for the personality trait neuroticism in the Irish affected sib-pair study of alcohol dependence. | Kuo PH et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Alcohol consumption and the use of antidepressants. | Graham K et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Alcoholism and judgments of affective stimuli. | Clark US et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Childhood risk factors for alcohol abuse and psychological distress among adult lesbians. | Hughes TL et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Co-occurrence patterns of anxiety, depression and alcohol use disorders. | Almeida-Filho N et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Effect of DOV 102,677 on the volitional consumption of ethanol by Myers' high ethanol-preferring rat. | McMillen BA et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Evaluating personal alcohol feedback as a selective prevention for college students with depressed mood. | Geisner IM et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Health behaviors and depressive symptoms in testicular cancer survivors. | Shinn EH et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Late-life depression and alcoholism. | Blow FC et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Nurses' experiences of caring for patients with a dual diagnosis of depression and alcohol abuse in a general psychiatric setting. | Wadell K et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Self-cognitions in antisocial alcohol dependence and recovery. | Corte C et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| The built environment and alcohol consumption in urban neighborhoods. | Bernstein KT et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| The latent structure of marijuana and cocaine use disorders: results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (NLAES). | Blanco C et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Treatment strategies for co-occurring ADHD and substance use disorders. | Mariani JJ et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| A comparison of the latent class structure of cannabis problems among adult men and women who have used cannabis repeatedly. | Grant JD et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Acute and chronic tianeptine treatments attenuate ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats. | Uzbay T et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Brief report: Factors associated with depression among homeless and marginally housed HIV-infected men in San Francisco. | Weiser SD et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Childhood depressive symptoms and early onset of alcohol use. | Wu P et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Co-morbidity of select anxiety, affective, and psychotic disorders with cannabis dependence in Southwest California Indians. | Gilder DA et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Comorbidity of substance use with depression and other mental disorders: from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) to DSM-V. | Nunes EV et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Correlation of liver dysfunction biological markers to the mood status of alcohol-dependent individuals. | Liappas IA et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Gender differences in correlates of recent physical assault among untreated rural and urban at-risk drinkers: role of depression. | Chermack ST et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| High prevalence of alcohol use among hepatitis C virus antibody positive injection drug users in three US cities. | Campbell JV et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Integrated cognitive behavioral therapy versus twelve-step facilitation therapy for substance-dependent adults with depressive disorders. | Brown SA et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Is current alcohol consumption associated with increased lifetime prevalence of major depression and suicidality? Results from a pilot community survey. | Goldstein BI et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Of treatment systems and depression: an overview of quality-improvement opportunities in hospital-based psychiatric care. | Greenberg MD et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Pharmacotherapy of alcoholism in patients with co-morbid psychiatric disorders. | Goldstein BI et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Psychiatric comorbidity and progression in drug use in adult male twins: implications for the design of genetic association studies. | Todorov AA et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Substance use disorder comorbidity in major depressive disorder: a confirmatory analysis of the STAR*D cohort. | Davis LL et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| The relationship between patterns of alcohol use and mental and physical health disorders in two American Indian populations. | O'Connell J et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| The relationship of prenatal alcohol exposure and the postnatal environment to child depressive symptoms. | O'Connor MJ et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| To transplant or not? The importance of psychosocial and behavioural factors before lung transplantation. | Dobbels F et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Alcohol abuse and dependence in elderly emergency department patients. | Onen SH et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Depression syndromes with risk of alcohol dependence in adulthood: a latent class analysis. | Crum RM et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Efficacy of antidepressants in substance use disorders with and without comorbid depression. A systematic review and meta-analysis. | Torrens M et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Intention to change drinking behaviour in general practice patients with problematic drinking and comorbid depression or anxiety. | Grothues J et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Prevalence and comorbidity of major depressive disorder in young black and white women. | Franko DL et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Psychopathology associated with drinking and alcohol use disorders in the college and general adult populations. | Dawson DA et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Social inequality and alcohol consumption-abuse in Bahia, Brazil-- interactions of gender, ethnicity and social class. | Almeida-Filho N et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Substance use disorder comorbidity in major depressive disorder: an exploratory analysis of the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression cohort. | Davis LL et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| The co-occurrence of depression and alcohol dependence symptoms in a community sample of lesbians. | Bostwick WB et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| The prevalence and impact of alcohol problems in major depression: a systematic review. | Sullivan LE et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Training psychiatrists to diagnose and treat substance abuse disorders. | Renner JA et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Alcohol use disorders and mood disorders: a National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism perspective. | Li TK et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Antidepressant treatment of co-occurring depression and alcohol dependence. | Pettinati HM | β | 2004 | β |
| Bipolar disorder and substance abuse. | Levin FR et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Comorbidity of select anxiety and affective disorders with alcohol dependence in southwest California Indians. | Gilder DA et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Depression and a history of alcoholism. | Sher L | β | 2004 | β |
| Depression and alcoholism. | Sher L | β | 2004 | β |
| Depressive symptoms and alcohol consumption among nonalcoholic depression patients treated with desipramine. | Goldstein BI et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Diagnosing comorbidity: concepts, criteria, and methods. | Samet S et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Evaluating patient education materials about radiation therapy. | Dunn J et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Lifetime rates of alcoholism in adults with anxiety, depression, or co-morbid depression/anxiety: a community survey of Ontario. | Gratzer D et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Mirtazapine improves alcohol detoxification. | Liappas J et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Pharmacological treatment of alcohol abuse/dependence with psychiatric comorbidity. | Le Fauve CE et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Pharmacotherapy for alcohol-related disorders: what clinicians should know. | Mariani JJ et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Predisposing and precipitating factors for suicide among alcoholics: empirical review and conceptual integration. | Conner KR et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Role of alcohol in late-life suicide. | Blow FC et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Sleep disturbance and risk for alcohol-related problems. | Crum RM et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Sociodemographic factors associated with comorbid major depressive episodes and alcohol dependence in the general population. | Wang J et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| The epidemiology of dual diagnosis. | Kessler RC | β | 2004 | β |
| The epidemiology of mood disorders. | Merikangas KR et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Alcohol expectancies, alcohol consumption, and problem drinking: the moderating role of family history. | Conway KP et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Alcohol use disorders and psychological distress: a prospective state-trait analysis. | Jackson KM et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Auditory P3 in female alcoholics. | Suresh S et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| General practitioners and alcohol use disorders: quantity without quality. | Malet L et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Major depressive disorder and a past history of alcoholism. | Sher L | β | 2003 | β |
| Personality, substance of choice, and polysubstance involvement among substance dependent patients. | Conway KP et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Plant derivatives in the treatment of alcohol dependency. | Rezvani AH et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Sertraline and cognitive behavioral therapy for depressed alcoholics: results of a placebo-controlled trial. | Moak DH et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| The costs of treating persons with depression and alcoholism compared with depression alone. | Mark TL | β | 2003 | β |
| The prevalence and correlates of hazardous drinking in industrial workers: a study from Goa, India. | Chagas Silva M et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| The status of serotonin-selective pharmacotherapy in the treatment of alcohol dependence. | Pettinati HM et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Use of substance abuse treatment services by persons with mental health and substance use problems. | Wu LT et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| A case-control study on alcohol and psychiatric disorders as risk factors for drug abuse pattern. | Lopes CS et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| Alcohol misuse among college athletes: self-medication for psychiatric symptoms? | Miller BE et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| Comorbid psychiatric disorders in late life depression. | Devanand DP | β | 2002 | β |
| Impact of alcohol detoxification on anxiety and depressive symptoms. | Liappas J et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| Liver transplantation for chronic liver disease: advances and controversies in an era of organ shortages. | Prince MI et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| Patterns of association between alcohol consumption and symptoms of depression and anxiety in young adults. | Caldwell TM et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| Personality, drug of choice, and comorbid psychopathology among substance abusers. | Conway KP et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| A longitudinal study of the order of onset of alcohol dependence and major depression. | Gilman SE et al. | β | 2001 | β |
| Comorbidity between patterns of substance use dependence and psychiatric syndromes. | Kandel DB et al. | β | 2001 | β |
| Familial transmission of alcoholism among nonalcoholics and mild, severe, and dyssocial subtypes of alcoholism. | Johnson EO et al. | β | 2001 | β |
| Natural course of alcohol use disorders from adolescence to young adulthood. | Rohde P et al. | β | 2001 | β |
| Psychosocial and behavioral selection criteria for solid organ transplantation. | Dobbels F et al. | β | 2001 | β |
| The association of depression and problem drinking: analyses from the Baltimore ECA follow-up study. Epidemiologic Catchment Area. | Crum RM et al. | β | 2001 | β |
| Ability of baclofen in reducing alcohol craving and intake: II--Preliminary clinical evidence. | Addolorato G et al. | β | 2000 | β |
| Addictive behaviors and depression among African Americans residing in a public housing community. | Williams CD et al. | β | 2000 | β |
| Alcohol consumption, alcohol dependence, and all-cause mortality. | Dawson DA | β | 2000 | β |
| Alcohol Withdrawal, Psychological Symptoms, and Treatment Success. | Ruusa J et al. | β | 2000 | β |
| Co-occurring risk factors for alcohol dependence and habitual smoking. | Bierut LJ et al. | β | 2000 | β |
| Current concepts in the treatment of depression in alcohol-dependent patients. | McGrath PJ et al. | β | 2000 | β |
| Drinking as a risk factor for sustained smoking. | Dawson DA | β | 2000 | β |
| Effects of Hypericum perforatum extract on ethanol intake, and on behavioral despair: a search for the neurochemical systems involved. | Panocka I et al. | β | 2000 | β |
| Efficacy of dexfenfluramine in the treatment of alcohol dependence. | Romach MK et al. | β | 2000 | β |
| Flunitrazepam: more than a date rape drug. | Rickert VI et al. | β | 2000 | β |
| Prevalence, predictive factors, and screening for psychologic distress in patients with newly diagnosed head and neck cancer. | Kugaya A et al. | β | 2000 | β |
| Prospective study of depression and the risk of heavy alcohol use in women. | Dixit AR et al. | β | 2000 | β |
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| Compulsive physical activity in adolescents with anorexia nervosa: a psychobehavioral spiral of pathology. | Davis C et al. | β | 1999 | β |
| Correlates of depressed mood in ambulatory head and neck cancer patients. | Kugaya A et al. | β | 1999 | β |
| Depression, alcoholism and ageing: a brief review. | Atkinson R | β | 1999 | β |
| Development of psychiatric comorbidity with substance abuse in adolescents: effects of timing and sex. | Costello EJ et al. | β | 1999 | β |
| Implications of depression on outcome from alcohol dependence: a 3-year prospective follow-up. | Hodgins DC et al. | β | 1999 | β |
| Influence of comorbid alcohol and psychiatric disorders on utilization of mental health services in the National Comorbidity Survey. | Wu LT et al. | β | 1999 | β |
| Nosology and epidemiology of addictive disorders and their comorbidity. | Bucholz KK | β | 1999 | β |
| Options for managing psychotropic medications in drug-abusing patients participating in behavioral therapies clinical trials. | Rounsaville BJ et al. | β | 1999 | β |
| Parallels to early onset alcohol use in the relationship of early onset smoking with drug use and DSM-IV drug and depressive disorders: findings from the National Longitudinal Epidemiologic Survey. | Hanna EZ et al. | β | 1999 | β |
| Symptomatology of depression and anxiety in female "social drinkers". | Bjork JM et al. | β | 1999 | β |
| Anger in an inpatient treatment sample of chronic alcoholics. | Tivis LJ et al. | β | 1998 | β |
| Comorbidity of substance use disorders with mood and anxiety disorders: results of the International Consortium in Psychiatric Epidemiology. | Merikangas KR et al. | β | 1998 | β |
| Extension of a typology of alcohol dependence based on relative genetic and environmental loading. | Johnson EO et al. | β | 1998 | β |
| Patterns of use and their relationship to DSM-IV abuse and dependence of alcohol among adolescents and young adults. | Holly A et al. | β | 1998 | β |
| Prevalence of mood disorders in the rural population of Udmurtia. | Pakriev S et al. | β | 1998 | β |
| Substance use disorders in gay/bisexual men with HIV and AIDS. | Ferrando S et al. | β | 1998 | β |
| The comorbidity of alcohol dependence and affective disorders: treatment implications. | Lynskey MT | β | 1998 | β |
| The impact of depression on the outcome of addictions treatment. | Charney DA et al. | β | 1998 | β |
| Treatment of comorbid affective and substance use disorders. Therapeutic potential of anticonvulsants. | Donovan SJ et al. | β | 1998 | β |
| Forskolin-stimulated platelet adenylyl cyclase activity is lower in persons with major depression. | Menninger JA et al. | β | 1997 | β |
| Prevalence of axis I disorders in an AIDS cohort: a cross-sectional, controlled study. | Rabkin JG et al. | β | 1997 | β |