Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse.
paper
Cited
Public
Unavailable
- Authors
- Nutt, David; King, Leslie A; Saulsbury, William; Blakemore, Colin
- Year
- 2007
- Journal
- Lancet (London, England)
- PMID
- 17382831
- DOI
- 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4
Drug misuse and abuse are major health problems. Harmful drugs are regulated according to classification systems that purport to relate to the harms and risks of each drug. However, the methodology and processes underlying classification systems are generally neither specified nor transparent, which reduces confidence in their accuracy and undermines health education messages. We developed and explored the feasibility of the use of a nine-category matrix of harm, with an expert delphic procedure, to assess the harms of a range of illicit drugs in an evidence-based fashion. We also included five legal drugs of misuse (alcohol, khat, solvents, alkyl nitrites, and tobacco) and one that has since been classified (ketamine) for reference. The process proved practicable, and yielded roughly similar scores and rankings of drug harm when used by two separate groups of experts. The ranking of drugs produced by our assessment of harm differed from those used by current regulatory systems. Our methodology offers a systematic framework and process that could be used by national and international regulatory bodies to assess the harm of current and future drugs of abuse.
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| Expectations about alcohol, cocaine, and benzodiazepine abstinence following inpatient heroin withdrawal management. | Kenney SR et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Exploring the Impact of the Rational Antibiotic Use System on Hospital Performance: The Direct Effect and the Spillover Effect. | Guo S et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Health professional beliefs, knowledge, and concerns surrounding medicinal cannabis - A systematic review. | Gardiner KM et al. | — | 2019 | → |
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| <i>OPRM1</i> A118G Polymorphisms and Its Role in Opioid Addiction: Implication on Severity and Treatment Approaches. | Taqi MM et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Khat (Catha edulis Forsk) - And now there are three. | Patel NB | — | 2019 | → |
| Longitudinal changes in cocaine intake and cognition are linked to cortical thickness adaptations in cocaine users. | Hirsiger S et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Metabolism and metabolomics of opiates: A long way of forensic implications to unravel. | Dinis-Oliveira RJ | — | 2019 | → |
| Mitochondrial Stress Response in Neural Stem Cells Exposed to Electronic Cigarettes. | Zahedi A et al. | — | 2019 | → |
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| Planned and Unplanned Drug Use during a Night out at an Electronic Dance Music Party. | Palamar JJ et al. | — | 2019 | → |
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| The active heroin metabolite 6-acetylmorphine has robust reinforcing effects as assessed by self-administration in the rat. | Avvisati R et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| The Novelty of Bupropion As a Dopaminergic Antidepressant for the Treatment of Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder. | Deang KT et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Weaker Memory Performance Exacerbates Stress-Induced Cannabis Craving in Youths' Daily Lives. | Miranda R et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| A comparison of self-reported sexual effects of alcohol, marijuana, and ecstasy in a sample of young adult nightlife attendees. | Palamar JJ et al. | — | 2018 | → |
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| An introduction to psychedelic neuroscience. | Calvey T et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| A rapid solution-based method for determining the affinity of heroin hapten-induced antibodies to heroin, its metabolites, and other opioids. | Torres OB et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| A reciprocal effects analysis of cannabis use and perceptions of risk. | Salloum NC et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Aspects of Methamphetamine Abuse in Adolescents and Young Adults in a Thuringian County. | Dhein S et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Assessing the longitudinal stability of latent classes of substance use among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. | Card KG et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Changes in opiate and stimulant use through 10 years: The role of contextual factors, mental health disorders and psychosocial factors in a prospective SUD treatment cohort study. | Lauritzen G et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Component Model of Addiction Treatment: A Pragmatic Transdiagnostic Treatment Model of Behavioral and Substance Addictions. | Kim HS et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Criterion validity of self-reports of alcohol, cannabis, and methamphetamine use among young men in Cape Town, South Africa. | Arfer KB et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine. | Dunlap LE et al. | — | 2018 | → |
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| Difference in long-term relapse rates between youths with ketamine use and those with stimulants use. | Wang LJ et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Does perception of drug-related harm change with age? A cross-sectional online survey of young and older people. | Cheeta S et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Drinking wine to "get high": The influence of awareness of the negative effects among young adults. | Ferretti F et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Heavy marijuana use but not deprivation is associated with increased stressor reactivity. | Hefner KR et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Human fascioliasis infection sources, their diversity, incidence factors, analytical methods and prevention measures. | Mas-Coma S et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Ideation, social construction and drug policy: A scoping review. | Gstrein V | — | 2018 | → |
| Is recovery from cannabis use problems different from alcohol and other drugs? Results from a national probability-based sample of the United States adult population. | Kelly JF et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Is the recreational use of 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine safe? | Boote T | — | 2018 | → |
| Ketamine Self-Administration Elevates αCaMKII Autophosphorylation in Mood and Reward-Related Brain Regions in Rats. | Caffino L et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Knowledge and attitudes of Australian general practitioners towards medicinal cannabis: a cross-sectional survey. | Karanges EA et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Long-Lasting In Vivo Effects of the Cannabinoid CB1 Antagonist AM6538. | Paronis CA et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Marijuana use by middle-aged and older adults in the United States, 2015-2016. | Han BH et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Mass spectrometric strategies for the investigation of biomarkers of illicit drug use in wastewater. | Hernández F et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Metabolomics analysis of serum in a rat heroin self-administration model undergoing reinforcement based on <sup>1</sup>H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. | Ning T et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Nicotine dependence predicts cannabis use disorder symptoms among adolescents and young adults. | Dierker L et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Perceived Treatment Need and Latent Transitions in Heroin and Methamphetamine Polydrug Use among People who Inject Drugs in Tijuana, Mexico. | Meacham MC et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Prevalence and predictors of khat chewing among Ethiopian university students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. | Gebrie A et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Propofol sedation during gastrointestinal endoscopy arouses euphoria in a large subset of patients. | Brechmann T et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Psychedelics Promote Structural and Functional Neural Plasticity. | Ly C et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Punishment of alcohol-reinforced responding in alcohol preferring P rats reveals a bimodal population: Implications for models of compulsive drug seeking. | Marchant NJ et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Response dynamics of midbrain dopamine neurons and serotonin neurons to heroin, nicotine, cocaine, and MDMA. | Wei C et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Scientific Evidence for the Addictiveness of Tobacco and Smoking Cessation in Tobacco Litigation. | Roh S | — | 2018 | → |
| S(+)-ketamine : Current trends in emergency and intensive care medicine. | Trimmel H et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| The 21st century psychedelic renaissance: heroic steps forward on the back of an elephant. | Sessa B | — | 2018 | → |
| The abuse potential of medical psilocybin according to the 8 factors of the Controlled Substances Act. | Johnson MW et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| The Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid B Receptor in Depression and Reward. | Jacobson LH et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| The Scheduling of Kratom and Selective Use of Data. | Griffin OH et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Toward an Improved Multi-Criteria Drug Harm Assessment Process and Evidence-Based Drug Policies. | Dubljević V | — | 2018 | → |
| Acculturation and substance use in a Mexican American college student sample. | Mercado A et al. | — | 2017 | → |
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| A New Tool to Tackle the Opioid Epidemic: Description, Utility, and Results from the Maine Diversion Alert Program. | Piper BJ et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Associations of attitudes towards electronic cigarettes with advertisement exposure and social determinants: a cross sectional study. | Reinhold B et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Characterization of the Antinociceptive Mechanisms of Khat Extract (<i>Catha edulis</i>) in Mice. | Afify EA et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Clearing the haze: the complexities and challenges of research on state marijuana laws. | Choo EK et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Comparison of demographic characteristics and psychiatric comorbidity among methamphetamine-, heroin- and methamphetamine-heroin co- dependent males in Hunan, China. | Dong H et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Deadly Attraction - Attentional Bias toward Preferred Cigarette Brand in Smokers. | Domaradzka E et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Decision-making in chronic ecstasy users: a systematic review. | Betzler F et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Decoding the Structure of Abuse Potential for New Psychoactive Substances: Structure-Activity Relationships for Abuse-Related Effects of 4-Substituted Methcathinone Analogs. | Negus SS et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Demographic and clinical characteristics of treatment seeking women with full and subthreshold PTSD and concurrent cannabis and cocaine use disorders. | Ruglass LM et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Ephenidine: A new psychoactive agent with ketamine-like NMDA receptor antagonist properties. | Kang H et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Ethanol-induced male infertility: Effects of aqueous leaf extract of Tetracarpidium conophorum. | Akomolafe SF et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Gender Differences in Problematic Alcohol Consumption in University Professors. | Ruisoto P et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| "Get drunk. Smoke weed. Have fun.": A Content Analysis of Tweets About Marijuana and Alcohol. | Krauss MJ et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Khat (<i>Catha Edulis</i>) as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disorders: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. | Mega TA et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Magnetic Lateral Flow Strip for the Detection of Cocaine in Urine by Naked Eyes and Smart Phone Camera. | Wu J et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Marijuana Use and Perceptions of Risk and Harm: A Survey among Canadians in 2016. | Spackman E et al. | — | 2017 | → |
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| Multi-System Complications after Intravenous Cocaine Abuse. | Petkovska L et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Problematic khat use as a possible risk factor for harmful use of other psychoactive substances: a mixed method study in Ethiopia. | Mihretu A et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Public perceptions of the tobacco-free generation in Tasmania: adults and adolescents. | Trainer E et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Quality of life and recreational cannabis use. | Goldenberg M et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Readiness to Use Psychoactive Substances Among Second-Generation Adolescent Immigrants and Perceptions of Parental Immigration-Related Trauma. | Aviad-Wilchek Y et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Reframing the science and policy of nicotine, illegal drugs and alcohol - conclusions of the ALICE RAP Project. | Anderson P et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Review of Caffeine-Related Fatalities along with Postmortem Blood Concentrations in 51 Poisoning Deaths. | Jones AW | — | 2017 | → |
| The association between parental history and delay discounting among individuals in recovery from addiction. | Athamneh LN et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| The future of drugs: recreational drug use and sexual health among gay and other men who have sex with men. | Race K et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| The prevalence of visual symptoms in poppers users: a global survey. | Davies AJ et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Vascular disease in cocaine addiction. | Bachi K et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| What constitutes problematic khat use? An exploratory mixed methods study in Ethiopia. | Mihretu A et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Which policy for new psychoactive drugs? | Uchtenhagen A | — | 2017 | → |
| Wikipedia as a gateway to biomedical research: The relative distribution and use of citations in the English Wikipedia. | Maggio LA et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Worries about others' substance use-Differences between alcohol, cigarettes and illegal drugs? | Moan IS et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Abuse potential and adverse cognitive effects of mitragynine (kratom). | Yusoff NH et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Altered subjective reward valuation among drug-deprived heavy marijuana users: Aversion to uncertainty. | Hefner KR et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Applications of the Neonatal Quinpirole Model to Psychosis and Convergence upon the Dopamine D<sub>2</sub> Receptor. | Brown RW et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Are baby boomer women unique? The moderating effect of birth cohort on age in substance use patterns during midlife. | Sarabia SE et al. | — | 2016 | → |
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| Clinical applications of hallucinogens: A review. | Garcia-Romeu A et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Clinical Approach to the Heavy Cannabis User in the Age of Medical Marijuana. | Cermak TL | — | 2016 | → |
| Cognitive and emotional impairments in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and cocaine use. | Wunderli MD et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Comparative measurement and quantitative risk assessment of alcohol consumption through wastewater-based epidemiology: An international study in 20 cities. | Ryu Y et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Correlates for psycho-active substance use among boarding secondary school adolescents in Enugu, South East, Nigeria. | Manyike PC et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Current Therapeutic Cannabis Controversies and Clinical Trial Design Issues. | Russo EB | — | 2016 | → |
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| Exploring Hallucinogen Pharmacology and Psychedelic Medicine with Zebrafish Models. | Kyzar EJ et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Games in the Brain: Neural Substrates of Gambling Addiction. | Murch WS et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Harms to Adults from Others' Heavy Drinking in Five Indian States. | Esser MB et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Identifying the features of an exercise addiction: A Delphi study. | Macfarlane L et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Medical comorbidity and projected survival in patients admitted to a specialist addictions in-patient unit. | Mogford DV et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Model-Free Temporal-Difference Learning and Dopamine in Alcohol Dependence: Examining Concepts From Theory and Animals in Human Imaging. | Huys QJM et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Nonmedical opioid use and heroin use in a nationally representative sample of us high school seniors. | Palamar JJ et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Prefrontal Cortical Thickness Deficit in Detoxified Alcohol-dependent Patients. | Bae S et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Prescription stimulant medication misuse: Where are we and where do we go from here? | Weyandt LL et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Public health and international drug policy. | Csete J et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Risky Decisions in a Lottery Task Are Associated with an Increase of Cocaine Use. | Wittwer A et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| The motor way: Clinical implications of understanding and shaping actions with the motor system in autism and drug addiction. | Casartelli L et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| The Role of Anonymity in Determining the Self-Reported Use of Cocaine and Nonmedical Prescription Stimulant Use Among College Students. | Zander ME et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Tightrope or Slackline? The Neuroscience of Psychoactive Substances. | Coulon P et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Tobacco control research: a tale of two Delphi groups. | McKeganey N et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| "Addicted to Euphoria": The History, Clinical Presentation, and Management of Party Drug Misuse. | Bearn J et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Bibliometric analysis on global Catha edulis (khat) research production during the period of 1952-2014. | Zyoud SH | — | 2015 | → |
| Bridging the gap between education and appropriate use of benzodiazepines in psychiatric clinical practice. | Dell'Osso B et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Changes in cocaine consumption are associated with fluctuations in self-reported impulsivity and gambling decision-making. | Hulka LM et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Changes in regional cerebral blood flow are associated with endothelial dysfunction markers in cocaine-dependent patients under recent abstinence. | Massardo T et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Classic psychedelic use is associated with reduced psychological distress and suicidality in the United States adult population. | Hendricks PS et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Comparative risk assessment of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and other illicit drugs using the margin of exposure approach. | Lachenmeier DW et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Correlates of dependence and treatment for substance use among people with comorbid severe mental and substance use disorders: findings from the "Psychiatric and Addictive Dual Disorder in Italy (PADDI)" Study. | Carrà G et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Driving under the influence as a turning point? A register-based study on financial and social consequences among first-time male offenders. | Oksanen A et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Drug use and social control: The negotiation of moral ambivalence. | Shiner M et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| European rating of drug harms. | van Amsterdam J et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Evaluation of different smoking habits during music festivals through wastewater analysis. | Mackuľak T et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Forbidden therapies: Santo Daime, ayahuasca, and the prohibition of entheogens in Western society. | Blainey MG | — | 2015 | → |
| Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), gamma butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD; BDO): A literature review with a focus on UK fatalities related to non-medical use. | Corkery JM et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Global infant formula: monitoring and regulating the impacts to protect human health. | Kent G | — | 2015 | → |
| Heroin activates ATF3 and CytC via c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathways to mediate neuronal apoptosis. | Pu H et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Incidence of Severe Malaria Syndromes and Status of Immune Responses among Khat Chewer Malaria Patients in Ethiopia. | Ketema T et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Ketamine and phencyclidine: the good, the bad and the unexpected. | Lodge D et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| LSD: a new treatment emerging from the past. | Dyck E | — | 2015 | → |
| Marijuana: a time-honored but untested treatment for epilepsy. | McLachlan RS | — | 2015 | → |
| Medical cannabis: time for clear thinking. | Penington DG | — | 2015 | → |
| National monitoring of nicotine use in Czech and Slovak Republic based on wastewater analysis. | Mackuľak T et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Prevalence, Reasons, and Perceived Effects of Khat Chewing Among Students of a College in Gondar Town, Northwestern Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. | Teni FS et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Psychedelic medicine: a re-emerging therapeutic paradigm. | Tupper KW et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Psychedelics not linked to mental health problems or suicidal behavior: a population study. | Johansen PØ et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Qat Chewing and Periodontal Pathogens in Health and Disease: Further Evidence for a Prebiotic-Like Effect. | Al-Alimi A et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Qat Chewing and Risk of Potentially Malignant and Malignant Oral Disorders: A Systematic Review. | El-Zaemey S et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Smaller amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex predict escalating stimulant use. | Becker B et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Subchronic administration of atomoxetine causes an enduring reduction in context-induced relapse to cocaine seeking without affecting impulsive decision making. | Broos N et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Substance Use among a National Sample of Asian/Pacific Islander Men Who Have Sex with Men in the U.S. | Nehl EJ et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| The brain disease model of addiction: is it supported by the evidence and has it delivered on its promises? | Hall W et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| The effects of methylphenidate on refraction and anterior segment parameters in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. | Larrañaga-Fragoso P et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| The rise of marijuana and the fall of cocaine in the United States: for better, for worse? | Nosyk B et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Turn on and tune in to evidence-based psychedelic research. | Sessa B | — | 2015 | → |
| Ultra-structural hair alterations of drug abusers: a scanning electron microscopic investigation. | Turkmenoglu FP et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Which substance is most dangerous? Perceived harm ratings among students in urban and rural Norway. | Pedersen W et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Adverse psychosocial outcomes associated with drug use among US high school seniors: a comparison of alcohol and marijuana. | Palamar JJ et al. | — | 2014 | → |
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| An analysis of select emerging executive skills in perinatally HIV-1-infected children. | Llorente AM et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| A reconsideration and response to Parrott AC (2013) "Human psychobiology of MDMA or 'Ecstasy': an overview of 25 years of empirical research". | Doblin R et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| A review of the pathophysiology, etiology, and treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). | Sharma A et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Can cannabis be considered a substitute medication for alcohol? | Subbaraman MS | — | 2014 | → |
| Cannabis, cannabidiol, and epilepsy--from receptors to clinical response. | Szaflarski JP et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Cannabis controversies: how genetics can inform the study of comorbidity. | Agrawal A et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Changes in cigarette and alcohol use during cannabis abstinence. | Allsop DJ et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Cognitive impairment in cocaine users is drug-induced but partially reversible: evidence from a longitudinal study. | Vonmoos M et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Correlates of polysomnographic sleep changes in cocaine dependence: self-administration and clinical outcomes. | Angarita GA et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Detainees in Amsterdam, a target population of the Public Mental Health System? | Buster M et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Drug abuse relapse rates linked to level of education: can we repair hypodopaminergic-induced cognitive decline with nutrient therapy? | Blum K et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Effect of post-training administration of cocaine, diazepam and their combination on a win-stay task. | Cloke JM et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Emerging issues for our nation's health: the intersection of marijuana use and cardiometabolic disease risk. | Vidot DC et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Exposure to ethanol and nicotine induces stress responses in human placental BeWo cells. | Repo JK et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Functional changes of the reward system underlie blunted response to social gaze in cocaine users. | Preller KH et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder and the serotonergic system: a comprehensive review including new MDMA-related clinical cases. | Litjens RP et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Have the genetics of cannabis involvement gone to pot? | Agrawal A et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Intracranial self-stimulation to evaluate abuse potential of drugs. | Negus SS et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Maculopathy due to drug inhalation. | Asensio-Sánchez VM et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Marijuana use and achievement of abstinence from alcohol and other drugs among people with substance dependence: a prospective cohort study. | Mojarrad M et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Neurophysiological evidence for the presence of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus. | Soni N et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Oxytocinergic regulation of endogenous as well as drug-induced mood. | Broadbear JH et al. | — | 2014 | → |
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| Predictors of disapproval toward "hard drug" use among high school seniors in the US. | Palamar JJ | — | 2014 | → |
| Psychobiology of cocaine addiction: Contribution of a multi-symptomatic animal model of loss of control. | Deroche-Gamonet V et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Quantitative determination of salvinorin A, a natural hallucinogen with abuse liability, in Internet-available Salvia divinorum and endemic species of Salvia in Taiwan. | Lin PX et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Repeated exposure to MDMA triggers long-term plasticity of noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons. | Lanteri C et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Response to open peer commentaries on "prohibition or coffee shops: regulation of amphetamine and methylphenidate for enhancement use by healthy adults". | Dubljević V | — | 2014 | → |
| Sex, drugs, and HIV: let's avoid panic. | Holt M | — | 2014 | → |
| The behavioral effects of acute Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol and heroin (diacetylmorphine) exposure in adult zebrafish. | Stewart AM et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The current situation with cannabinoids. | Kicman AT et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The CYP2D6 gene determines oxycodone's phenotype-specific addictive potential: implications for addiction prevention and treatment. | Linares OA et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The Genetics, Neurogenetics and Pharmacogenetics of Addiction. | Demers CH et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Therapeutic potential of cannabinoid medicines. | Robson PJ | — | 2014 | → |
| The relative harms of marijuana and alcohol. | Gorelick DA | — | 2014 | → |
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| A choice-based screening method for compulsive drug users in rats. | Lenoir M et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Acute effects of cocaine, morphine and their combination on bioenergetic function and susceptibility to oxidative stress of rat liver mitochondria. | Cunha-Oliveira T et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Alcohol and/or drug abuse favors trauma recurrence and reduces the trauma-free period. | Cordovilla Guardia S et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| A Methanol Extract of Brugmansia arborea Affects the Reinforcing and Motor Effects of Morphine and Cocaine in Mice. | Bracci A et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| A multistep general theory of transition to addiction. | Piazza PV et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| An examination of beliefs and opinions about drug use in relation to personal stigmatization towards drug users. | Palamar JJ | — | 2013 | → |
| Attitudes of regular injecting drug users towards the legal status of the major illicit drugs. | Darke S et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Cannabis use in a Swiss male prison: qualitative study exploring detainees' and staffs' perspectives. | Ritter C et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Characterization of differential cocaine metabolism in mouse and rat through metabolomics-guided metabolite profiling. | Yao D et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Cognitive dysfunctions in recreational and dependent cocaine users: role of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, craving and early age at onset. | Vonmoos M et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Differences in self-reported and behavioral measures of impulsivity in recreational and dependent cocaine users. | Vonmoos M et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Dried blood spots: liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its main metabolites. | Mercolini L et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Effects of Schedule I drug laws on neuroscience research and treatment innovation. | Nutt DJ et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Epicardial coronary arteries in khat chewers presenting with myocardial infarction. | Al-Motarreb A et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Experienced drug users assess the relative harms and benefits of drugs: a web-based survey. | Carhart-Harris RL et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Feasibility of audit methods to study access to substance use treatment. | Abar B et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Harms and benefits associated with psychoactive drugs: findings of an international survey of active drug users. | Morgan CJ et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Human psychobiology of MDMA or 'Ecstasy': an overview of 25 years of empirical research. | Parrott AC | — | 2013 | → |
| Increased sensorimotor gating in recreational and dependent cocaine users is modulated by craving and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. | Preller KH et al. | — | 2013 | → |
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