In vivo brain imaging of human exposure to nicotine and tobacco.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Sharma, Anil; Brody, Arthur L
- Year
- 2009
- Journal
- Handbook of experimental pharmacology
- PMID
- 19184649
- DOI
- 10.1007/978-3-540-69248-5_6
- PMCID
- PMC2893588
While most cigarette smokers endorse a desire to quit smoking, only 14-49% will achieve abstinence after 6 months or more of treatment. A greater understanding of the effects of smoking on brain function may result in improved pharmacological and behavioral interventions for this condition. Research groups have examined the effects of acute and chronic nicotine/cigarette exposure on brain activity using functional imaging; the purpose of this chapter is to synthesize findings from such studies and present a coherent model of brain function in smokers. Responses to acute administration of nicotine/smoking include reduced global brain activity; activation of the prefrontal cortex, thalamus, and visual system; activation of the thalamus and visual cortex during visual cognitive tasks; and increased dopamine (DA) concentration in the ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens. Responses to chronic nicotine/cigarette exposure include decreased monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B activity in the basal ganglia and a reduction in alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) availability in the thalamus and putamen (accompanied by an overall upregulation of these receptors). These findings indicate that smoking enhances neurotransmission through cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic circuits by direct stimulation of nAChRs, indirect stimulation via DA release or MAO inhibition, or a combination of these and possibly other factors. Activation of this circuitry may be responsible for the effects of smoking seen in tobacco-dependent smokers, such as improvements in attentional performance, mood, anxiety, and irritability.
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|---|---|---|
| 20 | 2 Brain Function Responses to Acute Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 2.4 Functional Imaging of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors (nAChRs) | Animal research demonstrates that nicotine binds to nAChRs in the brain to mediate a variety of… |
| 21 | 2 Brain Function Responses to Acute Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 2.4 Functional Imaging of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors (nAChRs) | Radiotracers for the nAChR have been developed in recent years, with labeled A-85380… |
| 22 | 2 Brain Function Responses to Acute Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 2.4 Functional Imaging of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors (nAChRs) | Studies of nonhuman primates and humans have examined distributions of nAChRs with these new… |
| 23 | 2 Brain Function Responses to Acute Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 2.4 Functional Imaging of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors (nAChRs) | In a recent study (Brody et al. 2006), human cigarette smokers were studied using 2-FA and PET… |
| 24 | 2 Brain Function Responses to Acute Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 2.4 Functional Imaging of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors (nAChRs) | [123 I]5-IA or simply 5-I-A is a SPECT radioligand that binds to β2nAChRs. In a recent study,… |
| 25 | 2 Brain Function Responses to Acute Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 2.5 Glutamatergic (and Other) Effects of Nicotine/Cigarette Smoking | Recent autoradiography studies of rodents have examined the effects of nicotine/smoking in other… |
| 26 | 3 Brain Function Responses to Chronic Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 3.1 Functional Brain Imaging of Cigarette Craving | As for brain imaging studies of chronic tobacco/nicotine dependence, cigarette smokers experience… |
| 27 | 3 Brain Function Responses to Chronic Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 3.1 Functional Brain Imaging of Cigarette Craving | Two studies used a cigarette versus neutral cue paradigm paired with functional imaging to evaluate… |
| 28 | 3 Brain Function Responses to Chronic Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 3.1 Functional Brain Imaging of Cigarette Craving | and watched a nature video (randomized order) during the 30-min uptake period of FDG. When presented… |
| 29 | 3 Brain Function Responses to Chronic Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 3.1 Functional Brain Imaging of Cigarette Craving | Taken together, these studies of cigarette craving indicate that immediate responses to visual… |
| 30 | 3 Brain Function Responses to Chronic Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 3.1 Functional Brain Imaging of Cigarette Craving | In a related preliminary study, 17 smokers underwent the same FDG–PET craving versus neutral cue… |
| 31 | 3 Brain Function Responses to Chronic Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 3.1 Functional Brain Imaging of Cigarette Craving | A more recent study examined (Brody et al. 2007) brain activation during resistance of the urge to… |
| 32 | 3 Brain Function Responses to Chronic Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 3.2 Functional Brain Imaging of Cigarette Withdrawal | Abstinence-induced changes have also been studied (McClernon et al. 2005) in 13 dependent smokers… |
| 33 | 3 Brain Function Responses to Chronic Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 3.2 Functional Brain Imaging of Cigarette Withdrawal | Rose et al. (2007) also studied smokers (n = 15) with functional brain imaging following treatment… |
| 34 | 3 Brain Function Responses to Chronic Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 3.2 Functional Brain Imaging of Cigarette Withdrawal | Brain activity changes (measured with fMRI) during cigarette withdrawal were recently reported for… |
| 35 | 3 Brain Function Responses to Chronic Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 3.3 Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) Function in Smokers | Fowler and colleagues have performed a series of important studies demonstrating decreases in MAO A… |
| 36 | 3 Brain Function Responses to Chronic Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 3.3 Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) Function in Smokers | MAO participates in the catabolism of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin (Berlin and Anthenelli… |
| 37 | 4 Discussion: Functional Neuroanatomy of Tobacco Use and Dependence | Both acute and chronic effects of nicotine/cigarette exposure have been elucidated with functional… |
| 38 | 4 Discussion: Functional Neuroanatomy of Tobacco Use and Dependence | This group of findings demonstrates a number of ways in which smoking might enhance… |
| 39 | 4 Discussion: Functional Neuroanatomy of Tobacco Use and Dependence | excitatory glutamatergic input to the dopaminergic system (Mansvelder et al. 2002). In the thalamus,… |
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