Sexual transmission of HIV-1 among injection drug users in San Francisco, USA: risk-factor analysis.
paper
Cited
Public
Unavailable
- Authors
- Kral, A H; Bluthenthal, R N; Lorvick, J; Gee, L; Bacchetti, P; Edlin, B R
- Year
- 2001
- Journal
- Lancet (London, England)
- PMID
- 11356437
- DOI
- 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04562-1
BACKGROUND: Many new HIV-1 infections in the USA occur in injection drug users (IDUs). HIV-1seroconversion of IDUs is mainly associated with injection-related risk factors. Harm- reduction programmes concentrate on injection-risk behaviour. We aimed to establish whether injection or sexual risk factors, or both, were associated with HIV-1antibody seroconversion of street-recruited IDUs in San Francisco, from 1986 to 1998. METHODS: IDUs were enrolled every 6 months from four community sites. We did a nested case-control study comparing 58 respondents who seroconverted between visits with 1134 controls who remained seronegative. Controls were matched with cases by sex and date. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% CI were calculated for men and women by use of conditional logistic regression. FINDINGS: Men who had sex with men were 8.8 times as likely to seroconvert (95% CI 3.7-20.5) as heterosexual men. Women who reported having traded sex for money in the past year were 5.1 times as likely as others to seroconvert (95% CI 1.9-13.7). Women younger than 40 years were more likely to seroconvert than those 40 years or older (2.8 [1.05-7.6]), and women who reported having a steady sex-partner who injected drugs were less likely to seroconvert than other women (0.32 [0.11-0.92]). INTERPRETATION: HIV-1 seroconversion of street-recruited IDUs in San Francisco is strongly associated with sexual behaviour. HIV-1risk might be reduced by incorporation of innovative sexual-risk-reduction strategies into harm-reduction programmes.
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| Replication of ZNF804A gene variant associations with risk of heroin addiction. | 2015 | 26382569 |
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| Results from a randomized controlled trial of a peer-mentoring intervention to reduce HIV transmission and increase access to care and adherence to HIV medications among HIV-seropositive injection drug users. | Purcell DW et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus among San Francisco injection drug users, 1998 to 2000. | Tseng FC et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Sexual transmission risk behavior reported among behaviorally bisexual HIV-positive injection drug-using men. | Knight KR et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Stimulant use and sexual risk behaviors for HIV in rural North Carolina. | Zule WA et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Behavioral interventions for HIV-positive and HCV-positive drug users. | Strathdee SA et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Behavior change and health-related interventions for heterosexual risk reduction among drug users. | Semaan S et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Commercial sex work and risk of HIV infection among young drug-injecting men who have sex with men in San Francisco. | Bacon O et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Decline in HIV incidence and injecting, but not in sexual risk behaviour, seen in drug users in Amsterdam: a 19-year prospective cohort study. | Lindenburg CE et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Detection of HIV-1 in injection paraphernalia: risk in an era of heightened awareness. | Page JB et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Drug abuse and HIV/AIDS: international research lessons and imperatives. | Winstanley EL et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Estimated numbers of men and women infected with HIV/AIDS in Tijuana, Mexico. | Brouwer KC et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| High HIV sexual risk behaviors and sexually transmitted disease prevalence among injection drug users in Northern Vietnam: implications for a generalized HIV epidemic. | Go VF et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| HIV incidence among injection drug users in Baltimore, Maryland (1988-2004). | Mehta SH et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| HIV incidence and factors associated with HIV acquisition among injection drug users in St Petersburg, Russia. | Kozlov AP et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| HIV sexual risk behaviors among injection drug users in Shanghai. | Zhao M et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Methamphetamine use and sexual activity among HIV-infected patients in care--San Francisco, 2004. | Mitchell SJ et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Profile of male Brazilian injecting drug users who have sex with men. | Ferreira AD et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Reinterpreting ethnic patterns among white and African American men who inject heroin: a social science of medicine approach. | Bourgois P et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Respondent-driven sampling of injection drug users in two U.S.-Mexico border cities: recruitment dynamics and impact on estimates of HIV and syphilis prevalence. | Frost SD et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Risk profile of individuals who provide assistance with illicit drug injections. | Fairbairn N et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| The relationship between self-reported sexual orientation and behavior in a sample of middle-aged male injection drug users. | Washington TA et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Unprotected sex among HIV-positive injection drug-using women and their serodiscordant male partners: role of personal and partnership influences. | Latka MH et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Unprotected sexual behavior among heterosexual HIV-positive injection drug using men: associations by partner type and partner serostatus. | Purcell DW et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Vulnerability to HIV infection among sex worker and non-sex worker female injecting drug users in Dhaka, Bangladesh: evidence from the baseline survey of a cohort study. | Azim T et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Access and utilization of HIV treatment and services among women sex workers in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside. | Shannon K et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| A prognostic model for HIV seroconversion among injection drug users as a tool for stratification in clinical trials. | Boileau C et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Condom attitudes and behaviors among injection drug users participating in California syringe exchange programs. | Bogart LM et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Correlates of initiation of injection drug use among young drug users in Baltimore, Maryland: the need for early intervention. | Sherman SG et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| HIV/hepatitis C virus co-infection in drug users: risk behavior and prevention. | Hagan H et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| HIV prevalence and correlates of receptive needle sharing among injection drug users in the Mexican-U.s. border city of Tijuana. | Magis-RodrΓguez C et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| HIV prevalence and risk behaviors among men who have sex with men and inject drugs in San Francisco. | Kral AH et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Impact of gender and sex work on sexual and injecting risk behaviors and their association with HIV positivity among injecting drug users in an HIV epidemic in Togliatti City, Russian Federation. | Platt L et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Injection risk behavior among women syringe exchangers in San Francisco. | Lum PJ et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Potential uptake and correlates of willingness to use a supervised smoking facility for noninjection illicit drug use. | Collins CL et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Requiring help injecting independently predicts incident HIV infection among injection drug users. | O'Connell JM et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Sexual risk among injection drug users recruited from syringe exchange programs in California. | Bogart LM et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Sexual risk behavior among injection drug users before widespread availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy. | Rusch ML et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Sexual risk, substance use, and psychological distress in HIV-positive gay and bisexual men who also inject drugs. | IbaΓ±ez GE et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Sexual risk taking among HIV-positive injection drug users: contexts, characteristics, and implications for prevention. | Knight KR et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| The impact of male-to-male sexual experience on risk profiles of blood donors. | Sanchez AM et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| The role of depressive symptoms in predicting sex with multiple and high-risk partners. | Williams CT et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Trends of HIV risk behaviors in a cohort of injecting drug users and their sex partners in Miami, Florida, 1988-1998. | McCoy CB et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Addressing the need for treatment paradigms for drug-abusing patients with multiple morbidities. | Kresina TF et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Association between injection practices and duration of injection among recently initiated injection drug users. | Becker Buxton M et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Associations between medical service use and HIV risk among HIV-positive drug users in Baltimore, MD. | Latkin CA et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Factors associated with sex trade involvement among male participants in a prospective study of injection drug users. | Kuyper LM et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| HIV incidence among high-risk Puerto Rican drug users: a comparison of East Harlem, New York, and BayamΓ³n, Puerto Rico. | Deren S et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| HIV seroconversion among the homeless and marginally housed in San Francisco: a ten-year study. | Hahn JA et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| HIV seroprevalence among homeless and marginally housed adults in San Francisco. | Robertson MJ et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 superinfection was not detected following 215 years of injection drug user exposure. | Tsui R et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Inconsistent condom use among HIV-infected patients with alcohol problems. | Ehrenstein V et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Interventions for seropositive injectors-research and evaluation: an integrated behavioral intervention with HIV-positive injection drug users to address medical care, adherence, and risk reduction. | Purcell DW et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Origins of community strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. | Charlebois ED et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Persistent HIV incidence among injection drug users in San Francisco during the 1990s: results of five studies. | Kral AH et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Prevention myths and HIV risk reduction by active drug users. | Metsch LR et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Sexual risk profile of young men in Vancouver, British Columbia, who have sex with men and inject drugs. | O'Connell JM et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Sexual risks among southern thai drug injectors. | Perngmark P et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| A randomized clinical trial of a manual-guided risk reduction intervention for HIV-positive injection drug users. | Margolin A et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Attitudes about prescribing take-home naloxone to injection drug users for the management of heroin overdose: a survey of street-recruited injectors in the San Francisco Bay Area. | Seal KH et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| CC chemokine receptor 5 genotype and susceptibility to transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in women. | Philpott S et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Contextual determinants of drug use risk behavior: a theoretic framework. | Galea S et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Directly observed antiretroviral therapy to reduce genital tract and plasma HIV-1 RNA in women with poor adherence. | Harwell JI et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Drug-using women need comprehensive sexual risk reduction interventions. | Latka M | β | 2003 | β |
| Explaining the geographical variation of HIV among injection drug users in the United States. | Ciccarone D et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Fatal heroin-related overdose in San Francisco, 1997-2000: a case for targeted intervention. | Davidson PJ et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| HIV prevention among drug users: outcome of a network-oriented peer outreach intervention. | Latkin CA et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Impact of supervised injection facilities on community HIV levels: a public health perspective. | Tyndall MW | β | 2003 | β |
| Norms, social networks, and HIV-related risk behaviors among urban disadvantaged drug users. | Latkin CA et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Patterns and trends of drug use in the San Francisco Bay Area. | Newmeyer JA | β | 2003 | β |
| Predictors of HIV sexual risk behaviors in a community sample of injection drug-using men and women. | Somlai AM et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Preventing HIV in injection drug users: choosing the best mix of interventions for the population. | Wilson AR et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Recruitment of CD4 T lymphocytes and macrophages into the cervical epithelium of women after coitus. | Prakash M et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Risk factors for elevated HIV incidence among Aboriginal injection drug users in Vancouver. | Craib KJ et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| The dynamics of substance use and sex networks in HIV transmission. | Miller M | β | 2003 | β |
| The relevance of attributable risk measures to HIV prevention planning. | Hagan H | β | 2003 | β |
| The role of sexual transmission of HIV infection among injection and non-injection drug users. | Strathdee SA et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Can HCV be prevented among injection drug users? | Newmeyer J | β | 2002 | β |
| HIV-1 infection in injection drug users. | Cohn JA | β | 2002 | β |
| HIV/hepatitis prevention in drug abuse treatment programs: guidance from research. | Sorensen JL et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| HIV transmission risk behaviors among HIV-positive individuals: stress and coping in the aftermath of 9/11. | Rose CS et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| Prevalence and correlates of HIV infection among young injection drug users in San Francisco. | Shafer KP et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| Risk factors for elevated HIV incidence rates among female injection drug users in Vancouver. | Spittal PM et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| HIV incidence among repeat HIV testers at a county hospital, San Francisco, California, USA. | Kellogg TA et al. | β | 2001 | β |
| Trends in HIV seroprevalence and risk among gay and bisexual men who inject drugs in San Francisco, 1988 to 2000. | Bluthenthal RN et al. | β | 2001 | β |