Self-medication of mood disorders with alcohol and drugs in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.
paper
Cited
Public
Unavailable
- Authors
- Bolton, James M; Robinson, Jennifer; Sareen, Jitender
- Year
- 2009
- Journal
- Journal of affective disorders
- PMID
- 19004504
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.jad.2008.10.003
BACKGROUND: Using alcohol or drugs to reduce emotional distress (self-medication) has been proposed as an explanation for the high comorbidity rates between anxiety and substance use disorders. Self-medication has been minimally studied in mood disorders despite equally high rates of alcohol and drug use. METHODS: Data came from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a large (n=43,093, age 18 years and older) nationally representative survey of mental illness in community-dwelling adults. Prevalence rates of self-medication were determined for DSM-IV mood disorders: dysthymia, major depressive disorder, bipolar I disorder, and bipolar II disorder. Multiple logistic regression generated odds ratios for the association between each category of self-medication and anxiety and personality disorders. RESULTS: Almost one-quarter of individuals with mood disorders (24.1%) used alcohol or drugs to relieve symptoms. The highest prevalence of self-medication was seen in bipolar I disorder (41.0%). Men were more than twice as likely as women to engage in self-medication (Adjusted Odds Ratio=2.18; 95% Confidence Interval 1.90-2.49). After controlling for the effects of substance use disorders, self-medication was associated with higher odds of comorbid anxiety and personality disorders when compared to individuals who did not self-medicate. LIMITATIONS: Cross-sectional design. CONCLUSIONS: The use of alcohol and drugs to relieve affective symptoms is common among individuals with mood disorders in the general population, yet is associated with substantial psychiatric comorbidity. These findings may help clinicians identify a subgroup of people with mood disorders who suffer from a higher mental illness burden.
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| Mortality and life expectancy in persons with severe unipolar depression. | Laursen TM et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Predictors of alcohol-related negative consequences in adolescents: A systematic review of the literature and implications for future research. | Grigsby TJ et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Prospective relationship of depressive symptoms, drinking, and tobacco smoking among middle-aged and elderly community-dwelling adults: Results from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). | Cheng HG et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Substance Use and Depression Symptomatology: Measurement Invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) among Non-Users and Frequent-Users of Alcohol, Nicotine and Cannabis. | Moore AA et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Symptom endorsement in men versus women with a diagnosis of depression: A differential item functioning approach. | Cavanagh A et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| The association between cannabis use and suicidality among men and women: A population-based longitudinal study. | Shalit N et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| The burden of alcohol use disorders in US military veterans: results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. | Fuehrlein BS et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| The natural history of substance use disorders. | Sarvet AL et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Adolescent obesity and future substance use: Incorporating the psychosocial context. | Lanza HI et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Alterations of reward mechanisms in bulbectomised rats. | Grecksch G et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Cigarette smoking in obsessive-compulsive disorder and unaffected parents of OCD patients. | Abramovitch A et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Commentary: Methamphetamine mediates immune dysregulation in a murine model of chronic viral infection. | Loftis JM | — | 2015 | → |
| Comorbidity and continuity of psychiatric disorders in youth after detention: a prospective longitudinal study. | Abram KM et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Co-morbidity of bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder: findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. | McDermid J et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Greater number of group identifications is associated with lower odds of being depressed: evidence from a Scottish community sample. | Sani F et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Heavy drinking days and mental health: an exploration of the dynamic 10-year longitudinal relationship in a prospective cohort of untreated heavy drinkers. | Bell S et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| How economic crises affect alcohol consumption and alcohol-related health problems: a realist systematic review. | de Goeij MC et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Intra-household evaluations of alcohol abuse in men with depression and suicide in women: A cross-sectional community-based study in Chennai, India. | Gupta A et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Low dispositional mindfulness predicts self-medication of negative emotion with prescription opioids. | Garland EL et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| No evidence for metabolic syndrome and lipid profile differences in patients suffering from bipolar I disorder with and without suicide attempts. | Ahmadpanah M et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Prospective progression from high-prevalence disorders to bipolar disorder: Exploring characteristics of pre-illness stages. | Ratheesh A et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Substance use and mental health disorders are linked to different forms of intimate partner violence victimisation. | Salom CL et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Supportive text messages to reduce mood symptoms and problem drinking in patients with primary depression or alcohol use disorder: protocol for an implementation research study. | Agyapong VI et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| The association between cannabis use and mood disorders: A longitudinal study. | Feingold D et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| The National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) Waves 1 and 2: review and summary of findings. | Hasin DS et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| The relationship between lifetime suicide attempts, serum lipid levels, and metabolic syndrome in patients with bipolar disorders. | Shakeri J et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| An exploration of the dynamic longitudinal relationship between mental health and alcohol consumption: a prospective cohort study. | Bell S et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Antecedents and consequences of drug abuse in rats selectively bred for high and low response to novelty. | Flagel SB et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Anxiety disorders and risk for alcohol use disorders: the moderating effect of parental support. | Gorka SM et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Anxiety mediates the association between cannabis use and attenuated positive psychotic symptoms. | Reeves LE et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Associations between exposure to stressful life events and alcohol use disorder in a longitudinal birth cohort studied to age 30. | Boden JM et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Bipolar disorder and criminal offending: a data linkage study. | Daff E et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Burden of disease associated with alcohol use disorders in the United States. | Rehm J et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Can cannabis be considered a substitute medication for alcohol? | Subbaraman MS | — | 2014 | → |
| Cognitive-behavioral therapy in depressed primary care patients with co-occurring problematic alcohol use: effect of telephone-administered vs. face-to-face treatment-a secondary analysis. | Kalapatapu RK et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Depression, Alcohol Dependence and Abuse, and Drinking and Driving Behavior. | Zhang Y et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Drinking pattern, abstention and problem drinking as risk factors for depressive symptoms: evidence from three urban Eastern European populations. | Bell S et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Effects of baseline problematic alcohol and drug use on internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy outcomes for depression, panic disorder and social anxiety disorder. | Gajecki M et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Examining moderation analyses in propensity score methods: application to depression and substance use. | Green KM et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Gender differences in major depressive disorder: results from the Netherlands study of depression and anxiety. | Schuch JJ et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Gender moderates the influence of psychosocial factors and drug use on HAART adherence in the context of HIV and childhood sexual abuse. | Wilson SM et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Is access to alcohol associated with alcohol/substance abuse among people diagnosed with anxiety/mood disorder? | Pearson AL et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| LY2456302 is a novel, potent, orally-bioavailable small molecule kappa-selective antagonist with activity in animal models predictive of efficacy in mood and addictive disorders. | Rorick-Kehn LM et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Neighborhood context and Black heterosexual men's sexual HIV risk behaviors. | Bowleg L et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Problematic substance use among Hispanic adolescents and young adults: implications for prevention efforts. | Halley Grigsby TJ et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The moderating effect of women's alcohol misuse on the relationship between intimate partner violence victimization and postpartum depression. | Hellmuth JC et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Aberrant histone deacetylase2-mediated histone modifications and synaptic plasticity in the amygdala predisposes to anxiety and alcoholism. | Moonat S et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Abstinence self-efficacy in people with severe mental illness. | O'Hare T et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| A prospective assessment of reports of drinking to self-medicate mood symptoms with the incidence and persistence of alcohol dependence. | Crum RM et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Avoiding emotional bonds: an examination of the dimensions of therapeutic alliance among cannabis users. | Healey A et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Comorbidity between hypomania and substance use disorders. | Do EK et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| DNA methylation/demethylation network expression in psychotic patients with a history of alcohol abuse. | Guidotti A et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Not always on the level: service provision for bipolar disorders. | Young AH | — | 2013 | → |
| Physical health of patients with bipolar disorder. | Young AH et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Physical health of patients with bipolar disorder. | Young AH et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Predicting persistency of DSM-5 alcohol use disorder and examining drinking patterns of recently remitted individuals: a prospective general population study. | Tuithof M et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Predictors of first-onset substance use disorders during the prospective course of bipolar spectrum disorders in adolescents. | Goldstein BI et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Predictors of residential treatment retention among individuals with co-occurring substance abuse and mental health disorders. | Choi S et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Protective factors for mental disorders and psychological distress in female, compared with male, service members in a representative sample. | Mota NP et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Psychotropic drug use and alcohol drinking in community-dwelling older Australian men: the CHAMP study. | Ilomäki J et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The Citizenship Project part II: impact of a citizenship intervention on clinical and community outcomes for persons with mental illness and criminal justice involvement. | Clayton A et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The role of depression and social support in non-fatal drug overdose among a cohort of injection drug users in a Canadian setting. | Pabayo R et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The Serotonin Link between Alcohol Use and Affective Disorders. | Ketcherside A et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Accelerating discovery for complex neurological and behavioral disorders through systems genetics and integrative genomics in the laboratory mouse. | Bubier JA et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Affect-related behaviors in mice selectively bred for high and low voluntary alcohol consumption. | Can A et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Alcohol consumption and major depression in the general population: the critical importance of dependence. | Bulloch A et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| A longitudinal investigation of the role of self-medication in the development of comorbid mood and drug use disorders: findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). | Lazareck S et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Clinical presentations of substance abuse in bipolar heroin addicts at time of treatment entry. | Maremmani I et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Correlates of suicidality: investigation of a representative sample of Manitoba First Nations adolescents. | Mota N et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Drinking habits and disability retirement. | Salonsalmi A et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Ego-dystonic pregnancy and prenatal consumption of alcohol among first-time mothers. | O'Brien PL et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Empirically derived subgroups of bipolar I patients with different comorbidity patterns of anxiety and substance use disorders in Han Chinese population. | Tsai HC et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Might the inability to feel pleasure (anhedonia) explain the symptoms of major depression and schizophrenia, including unmotivated anxiety, delusions and hallucinations? | Grillo L | — | 2012 | → |
| Predictors of the 2-year recurrence and persistence of alcohol dependence. | Boschloo L et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Self-medication or social learning? A comparison of models to predict early adolescent drinking. | Tomlinson KL et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Stress, epigenetics, and alcoholism. | Moonat S et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Supportive text messaging for depression and comorbid alcohol use disorder: single-blind randomised trial. | Agyapong VI et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Testing the Short and Screener versions of the Social Adjustment Scale-Self-report (SAS-SR). | Gameroff MJ et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The Association between Alcohol Dependence and Depression before and after Treatment for Alcohol Dependence. | Kuria MW et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Three hours of training improve psychiatric staff's self-perceived knowledge and attitudes toward problem-drinking patients. | Nehlin C et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Alcohol and depression. | Boden JM et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Alcohol-Related Problems among Sexual Minority Women. | Hughes T | — | 2011 | → |
| Alcohol use of older adults: drinking alcohol for medicinal purposes. | Immonen S et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| A longitudinal study of risk factors for incident drug use in adults: findings from a representative sample of the US population. | Harrington M et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| A practical approach to assess depression risk and to guide risk reduction strategies in later life. | Almeida OP et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Challenges in addressing depression in HIV research: assessment, cultural context, and methods. | Simoni JM et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Drinking, smoking, and psychological distress in middle and late life. | Choi NG et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Heavy drinking and use of sedative or anxiolytic drugs among aging men: an 11-year follow-up of the FinDrink study. | Ilomäki J et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Sedative load among community-dwelling people aged 75 years and older: a population-based study. | Taipale HT et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Self-report reasons for alcohol use in bipolar disorders: why drink despite the potential risks? | McDonald JL et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Subdiagnostic alcohol use by depressed men and women seeking outpatient psychiatric services: consumption patterns and motivation to reduce drinking. | Satre DD et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| The Association of Well-Being with Health Risk Behaviors in College-Attending Young Adults. | Schwartz SJ et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| The influence of behavioural and health problems on alcohol and drug use in late adolescence - a follow up study of 2 399 young Norwegians. | Strandheim A et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| The role of amygdaloid brain-derived neurotrophic factor, activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein and dendritic spines in anxiety and alcoholism. | Moonat S et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| The role of MDMA (Ecstasy) in coping with negative life situations among urban young adults. | Moonzwe LS et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Uncontrolled self-medication with venlafaxine in a patient with major depressive disorder. | Song JH et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| A comparison of the frequencies of risk factors for depression in older black and white participants in a study of indicated prevention. | Sriwattanakomen R et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Comorbidity of generalized anxiety disorder and substance use disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. | Alegría AA et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Modafinil for bipolar depression with comorbid methamphetamine abuse. | Camacho A et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Point prevalence of major depression in Estonia. Results from the 2006 Estonian Health Survey. | Kleinberg A et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Problematic alcohol use and HIV risk among Black men who have sex with men in Massachusetts. | Reisner SL et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Reasons for substance use among adolescents with bipolar disorder. | Lorberg B et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Subtyping study of a pathological gamblers sample. | Alvarez-Moya EM et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| The use of alcohol and drugs to self-medicate symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. | Leeies M et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Treatment delay and excessive substance use in bipolar disorder. | Lagerberg TV et al. | — | 2010 | → |