Psychiatric 'diseases' versus behavioral disorders and degree of genetic influence.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Bienvenu, O J; Davydow, D S; Kendler, K S
- Year
- 2011
- Journal
- Psychological medicine
- PMID
- 20459884
- DOI
- 10.1017/S003329171000084X
- PMCID
- PMC10885735
BACKGROUND: Psychiatric conditions in which symptoms arise involuntarily ('diseases') might be assumed to be more heritable than those in which choices are essential (behavioral disorders). We sought to determine whether psychiatric 'diseases' (Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and mood and anxiety disorders) are more heritable than behavioral disorders (substance use disorders and anorexia nervosa). METHOD: We reviewed the literature for recent quantitative summaries of heritabilities. When these were unavailable, we calculated weighted mean heritabilities from twin studies meeting modern methological standards. RESULTS: Heritability summary estimates were as follows: bipolar disorder (85%), schizophrenia (81%), Alzheimer's disease (75%), cocaine use disorder (72%), anorexia nervosa (60%), alcohol dependence (56%), sedative use disorder (51%), cannabis use disorder (48%), panic disorder (43%), stimulant use disorder (40%), major depressive disorder (37%), and generalized anxiety disorder (28%). CONCLUSIONS: No systematic relationship exists between the disease-like character of a psychiatric disorder and its heritability; many behavioral disorders seem to be more heritable than conditions commonly construed as diseases. These results suggest an error in 'common-sense' assumptions about the etiology of psychiatric disorders. That is, among psychiatric disorders, there is no close relationship between the strength of genetic influences and the etiologic importance of volitional processes.
Heritability summary estimates for psychiatric diseases/disease-like conditions (black) and behavioral disorders (grey)
| # | Section | Preview |
|---|---|---|
| 20 | Discussion | between stigmatizing destructive behaviors, in a treatment context, and stigmatizing patients in a… |
| 21 | Discussion — Limitations | Three limitations deserve comment. First, it is important to recognize that the genetic influence on… |
| 22 | Discussion — Limitations | Second, unreliability – a form of measurement error – is confounded with unique environmental… |
| 23 | Discussion — Limitations | Third, etiologic heterogeneity is likely in psychiatric disorders, so our heritability estimates… |
← Prev
21–24 of 24
| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| Adult Psychiatric Syndromes local | phenotype |
| adult Virginia Twin Registry local | cohort |
| adverse effects | phenotype |
| alcohol | phenotype |
| alcohol and drug use disorders local | phenotype |
| alcohol dependence | phenotype |
| alcoholism | phenotype |
| Alzheimer's disease | phenotype |
| Alzheimer’s disease | phenotype |
| anorexia nervosa | phenotype |
| anxiety | phenotype |
| Anxiety syndrome local | phenotype |
| behavioral disorders | phenotype |
| Bergem et al., 1997 local | cohort |
| bipolar disorder | phenotype |
| Breitner et al., 1995 local | cohort |
| Bulik et al., 2006 local | cohort |
| cannabis use | phenotype |
| cannabis use disorder | phenotype |
| Cardno et al., 1999 local | cohort |
| cocaine | phenotype |
| cocaine use disorder | phenotype |
| comorbidity | phenotype |
| depression | phenotype |
| Depressive syndrome local | phenotype |
| Disease-like Psychiatric Disorders local | phenotype |
| drug dependence | phenotype |
| dysfunctional behaviors local | phenotype |
| Early age-at-onset | phenotype |
| early onset | phenotype |
| eating disorders | phenotype |
| Emotional disturbance | phenotype |
| Endogenous depression local | phenotype |
| Gatz et al., 1997 local | cohort |
| Gatz et al., 2005 local | cohort |
| Gatz et al., 2006 local | cohort |
| generalized anxiety disorder | phenotype |
| genes | gene |
| hallucinations | phenotype |
| hedonic effects | phenotype |
| High heritability local | phenotype |
| Huntington's disease | phenotype |
| Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease local | phenotype |
| illness | phenotype |
| involuntary symptoms local | phenotype |
| Kendler et al., 1993 local | cohort |
| Kendler et al., 1995 local | cohort |
| Kendler et al. 2006b Swedish twin study local | cohort |
| Kieseppa et al., 2004 local | cohort |
| Klump et al., 2001 local | cohort |
| Low heritability local | phenotype |
| major depressive disorder | phenotype |
| mania | phenotype |
| McGuffin et al., 2003 local | cohort |
| Memory disturbance local | phenotype |
| Meyer and Breitner, 1998 local | cohort |
| Neurotic depression local | phenotype |
| novelty seeking | phenotype |
| panic disorder | phenotype |
| Personality vulnerability local | phenotype |
| psychiatric disorders | phenotype |
| Raiha et al., 1996 local | cohort |
| recurrence | phenotype |
| schizophrenia | phenotype |
| sedative dependence | phenotype |
| sedatives | drug |
| Short duration local | phenotype |
| stimulant | drug |
| stimulant dependence | phenotype |
| substance use | phenotype |
| Sullivan et al. 2000 meta-analysis local | cohort |
| Swedish Twin Registry | cohort |
| Syndromes with Disordered Behavior local | phenotype |
| Twin cohort | cohort |
| Twin Study Literature local | cohort |
| Virginia Twin Registry | cohort |
| volitional behavior local | phenotype |
| Wade et al., 2000 local | cohort |
No uploaded files.
Not in any collection.
| Citation | PMID | DOI | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| AgrawalA, JacobsonKC, PrescottCA, KendlerKS (2004). A twin study of personality and illicit drug use and abuse/dependence. Twin Research 7, 72–81.15053856 10.1375/13690520460741462 | — | — | — |
| BergemALM, EngedalK, KringlenE (1997). The role of heredity in late-onset Alzheimer Disease and vascular dementia. Archives of General Psychiatry 54, 264–270.9075467 10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830150090013 | — | — | — |
| BienvenuOJ, SamuelsJF, CostaPT, RetiIM, EatonWW, NestadtG (2004). Anxiety and depressive disorders and the five-factor model of personality: a higher- and lower-order personality trait investigation in a community sample. Depression and Anxiety 20, 92–97.15390211 10.1002/da.20026 | — | — | — |
| BienvenuOJ, SteinMB, SamuelsJF, OnyikeCU, EatonWW, NestadtG (2009). Personality disorder traits as predictors of subsequent first-onset panic disorder or agoraphobia. Comprehensive Psychiatry 50, 209–214.19374963 10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.08.006PMC2691589 | — | — | — |
| BreitnerJCS, WelshKA, GauBA, McDonaldWM, SteffensDC, SaundersAM, MagruderKM, HelmsMJ, PlassmanBL, FolsteinMF, BrandtJ, RobinetteCD, PageWF (1995). Alzheimer’s Disease in the National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council Registry of Aging Twin Veterans III: detection of cases, longitudinal results, and observations on twin concordance. Archives of Neurology 52, 763–771.7639628 10.1001/archneur.1995.00540320035011 | — | — | — |
| BulikCM, SullivanPF, TozziF, FurbergH, LichtensteinP, PedersenNL (2006). Prevalence, heritability, and prospective risk factors for anorexia nervosa. Archives of General Psychiatry 63, 305–312.16520436 10.1001/archpsyc.63.3.305 | — | — | — |
| CardnoAG, MarshallEJ, CoidB, MacdonaldAM, RibchesterTR, DaviesNJ, VenturiP, JonesLA, LewisSW, ShamPC, GottesmanII, FarmerAE, McGuffinP, ReveleyAM, MurrayRM (1999). Heritability estimates for psychotic disorders: the Maudsley twin psychosis series. Archives of General Psychiatry 56, 162–168.10025441 10.1001/archpsyc.56.2.162 | — | — | — |
| FarrellM, LewisG (1990). Discrimination on the grounds of diagnosis. British Journal of Addiction 85, 883–890.2397315 | — | — | — |
| FoleyDL, NealeMC, KendlerKS (1998). Reliability of a lifetime history of major depression: implications for heritability and co-morbidity. Psychological Medicine 28, 857–870.9723141 10.1017/s0033291798006977 | — | — | — |
| GatzM, FratiglioniL, JohanssonB, BergS, MortimerJA, ReynoldsCA, FiskeA, PedersenN (2005). Complete ascertainment of dementia in the Swedish Twin Registry: the HARMONY study. Neurobiology of Aging 26, 439–447.15653172 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.04.004 | — | — | — |
| GatzM, PedersenNL, BergS, JohanssonB, JohanssonK, MortimerJA, PosnerSF, ViitanenM, WinbladB, AhlbomA (1997). Heritability for Alzheimer’s Disease: the study of dementia in Swedish twins. Journals of Gerontology, Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 52, M117–125.9060980 10.1093/gerona/52a.2.m117 | — | — | — |
| GatzM, ReynoldsCA, FratiglioniL, JohanssonB, MortimerJA, BergS, FiskeA, PedersenNL (2006). Role of genes and environments for explaining Alzheimer disease. Archives of General Psychiatry 63, 168–174.16461860 10.1001/archpsyc.63.2.168 | — | — | — |
| GhaemiSN (2003). The Concepts of Psychiatry. Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, MD. | — | — | — |
| GoldmanD, OrosziG, DucciF (2005). The genetics of addictions: uncovering the genes. Nature Reviews Genetics 6, 521–532.10.1038/nrg163515995696 | — | — | — |
| HettemaJM, NealeMC, KendlerKS (2001a). A review and meta-analysis of the genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 158, 1568–1578.11578982 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.10.1568 | — | — | — |
| HettemaJM, PrescottCA, KendlerKS (2001b). A population-based twin study of generalized anxiety disorder in men and women. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 189, 413–420.11504317 10.1097/00005053-200107000-00001 | — | — | — |
| KendlerKS (2005). Psychiatric genetics: a methodologic critique. American Journal of Psychiatry 162, 3–11.15625194 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.1.3 | — | — | — |
| KendlerKS, AggenSH, TambsK, Reichborn-KjennerudT (2006a). Illicit psychoactive substance use, abuse and dependence in a population-based sample of Norwegian twins. Psychological Medicine 36, 955–962.16650346 10.1017/S0033291706007720PMC1945097 | — | — | — |
| KendlerKS, GardnerCO, PrescottCA (2001). Panic syndromes in a population-based sample of male and female twins. Psychological Medicine 31, 989–1000.11513384 10.1017/s0033291701004226 | — | — | — |
| KendlerKS, GatzM, GardnerCO, PedersenNL (2006b). A Swedish national twin study of lifetime major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry 163, 109–114.16390897 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.109 | — | — | — |
| KendlerKS, GatzM, GardnerCO, PedersenNL (2007). Clinical indices of familial depression in the Swedish Twin Registry. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 115, 214–220.17302621 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00863.x | — | — | — |
| KendlerKS, KarkowskiLM, NealeMC, PrescottCA (2000). Illicit psychoactive substance use, heavy use, abuse, and dependence in a US population-based sample of male twins. Archives of General Psychiatry 57, 261–269.10711912 10.1001/archpsyc.57.3.261 | — | — | — |
| KendlerKS, NealeMC, KesslerRC, HeathAC, EavesLJ (1994). The clinical characteristics of major depression as indices of the familial risk to illness. British Journal of Psychiatry 165, 66–72.10.1192/bjp.165.1.667953060 | — | — | — |
| KendlerKS, PedersenN, JohnsonL, NealeMC, MatheAA (1993). A pilot twin study of affective illness, including hospital- and population-ascertained subsamples. Archives of General Psychiatry 50, 699–706.8357295 10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820210033004 | — | — | — |
| KendlerKS, PedersenNL, NealeMC, MatheAA (1995). A pilot Swedish twin study of affective illness including hospital- and population-ascertained subsamples: results of model fitting. Behavior Genetics 25, 217–232.7598665 10.1007/BF02197180 | — | — | — |
| KendlerKS, PrescottCA (1999). A population-based twin study of lifetime major depression in men and women. Archives of General Psychiatry 56, 39–44.9892254 10.1001/archpsyc.56.1.39 | — | — | — |
| KendlerKS, PrescottCA, MyersJ, NealeMC (2003). The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for common psychiatric and substance use disorders in men and women. Archives of General Psychiatry 60, 929–937.12963675 10.1001/archpsyc.60.9.929 | — | — | — |
| KieseppaT, PartonenT, HaukkaJ, KaprioJ, LonnqvistJ (2004). High concordance of bipolar I disorder in a nationwide sample of twins. American Journal of Psychiatry 161, 1814–1821.15465978 10.1176/ajp.161.10.1814 | — | — | — |
| KlumpKL, MillerKB, KeelPK, McGueM, IaconoWG (2001). Genetic and environmental influences on anorexia nervosa syndromes in a population-based twin sample. Psychological Medicine 31, 737–740.11352375 10.1017/s0033291701003725 | — | — | — |
| LeckmanJF, CarusoKA, PrusoffBA, WeissmanMM, MerikangasKR, PaulsDL (1984a). Appetite disturbance and excessive guilt in major depression: use of family study data to define depressive subtypes. Archives of General Psychiatry 41, 839–844.6589979 10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790200021003 | — | — | — |
| LeckmanJF, WeissmanMM, PrusoffBA, CarusoKA, MerikangasKR, PaulsDL, KiddKK (1984b). Subtypes of depression: family study perspective. Archives of General Psychiatry 41, 833–838.6466042 10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790200015002 | — | — | — |
| LevinsonDF, ZubenkoGS, CroweRR, DepauloJR, ScheftnerWS, WeissmanMM, HolmansP, ZubenkoWN, BoutelleS, Murphy-EberenzK, MacKinnonD, McInnisMG, MartaDH, AdamsP, SassoonS, KnowlesJA, ThomasJ, ChellisJ (2003). Genetics of recurrent early-onset depression (GenRED): design and preliminary clinical characteristics of a repository sample for genetic linkage studies. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B (Neuropsychiatric Genetics) 119B, 118–130.10.1002/ajmg.b.2000912707949 | — | — | — |
| LyonsMJ, ToomeyR, MeyerJM, GreenAI, EisenSA, GoldbergJ, TrueWR, TsuangMT (1997). How do genes influence marijuana use? The role of subjective effects. Addiction 92, 409–417.9177062 | — | — | — |
| MackintoshM-A, GatzM, WetherellJL, PedersenNL (2006). A twin study of lifetime generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in older adults: genetic and environmental influences shared by neuroticism and GAD. Twin Research and Human Genetics 9, 30–37.16611465 10.1375/183242706776402902 | — | — | — |
| McGuffinP, KatzR, WatkinsS, RutherfordJ (1996). A hospital-based twin register of the heritability of DSM-IV unipolar depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 53, 129–136.8629888 10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830020047006 | — | — | — |
| McGuffinP, RijsdijkF, AndrewM, ShamP, KatzR, CardnoA (2003). The heritability of bipolar affective disorder and the genetic relationship to unipolar depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 60, 497–502.12742871 10.1001/archpsyc.60.5.497 | — | — | — |
| McHughPR (2005). Striving for coherence: psychiatry’s efforts over classification. Journal of the American Medical Association 293, 2526–2528.15914753 10.1001/jama.293.20.2526 | — | — | — |
| McHughPR, SlavneyPR (1998). The Perspectives of Psychiatry. Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, MD. | — | — | — |
| MeyerJM, BreitnerJCS (1998). Multiple threshold model for the onset of Alzheimer’s Disease in the NAS-NRC Twin Panel. American Journal of Medical Genetics 81, 92–97.9514594 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19980207)81:1<92::aid-ajmg16>3.0.co;2-r | — | — | — |
| PedersenNL, PosnerSF, GatzM (2001). Multiple-threshold models for genetic influences on age of onset for Alzheimer’s Disease: findings in Swedish twins. American Journal of Medical Genetics 105, 724–728.11803520 10.1002/ajmg.1608 | — | — | — |
| RaihaI, KaprioJ, KoskenvuoM, RajalaT, SouranderL (1996). Alzheimer’s Disease in Finnish twins. Lancet 347, 573–578.8596319 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)91272-6 | — | — | — |
| RothM (2001). Unitary or binary nature of classification of depressive illness and its implications for the scope of manic depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders 64, 1–18.11292515 10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00237-8 | — | — | — |
| RothM, GurneyC, GarsideRF, KerrTA (1972). Studies in the classification of affective disorders: the relationship between anxiety states and depressive illnesses: I. British Journal of Psychiatry 121, 147–161.10.1192/bjp.121.2.1475072240 | — | — | — |
| RoyM-A, NealeMC, PedersenNL, MatheAA, KendlerKS (1995). A twin study of generalized anxiety disorder and major depression. Psychological Medicine 25, 1037–1049.8588001 10.1017/s0033291700037533 | — | — | — |
| ScherrerJF, TrueWR, XianH, LyonsMJ, EisenSA, GoldbergJ, LinN, TsuangMT (2000). Evidence for genetic influences common and specific to symptoms of generalized anxiety and panic. Journal of Affective Disorders 57, 25–35.10708813 10.1016/s0165-0327(99)00031-2 | — | — | — |
| SchomerusG, MatschingerH, AngermeyerMC (2006). Alcoholism: illness beliefs and resource allocation preferences of the public. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 82, 204–210.16225998 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.09.008 | — | — | — |
| SheehanDV (1983). The Anxiety Disease. Bantam Books: New York. | — | — | — |
| ShorterE (2009). Before Prozac: The Troubled History of Mood Disorders in Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, Inc.: New York, NY. | — | — | — |
| SullivanPF, KendlerKS, NealeMC (2003). Schizophrenia as a complex trait: evidence from a meta-analysis of twin studies. Archives of General Psychiatry 60, 1187–1192.14662550 10.1001/archpsyc.60.12.1187 | — | — | — |
| SullivanPF, NealeMC, KendlerKS (2000). Genetic epidemiology of major depression: review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry 157, 1552–1562.11007705 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1552 | — | — | — |
| ThomassonHR, LiTK (1993). How alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase genes modify alcohol drinking, alcohol flushing, and the risk for alcoholism. Alcohol Health and Research World 17, 167–172. | — | — | — |
| ToSE, VegaCP (2006). Alcoholism and pathways to recovery: new survey results on views and treatment options. Medscape General Medicine 8, 2.16915132 | — | — | — |
| WadeTD, BulikCM, NealeM, KendlerKS (2000). Anorexia nervosa and major depression: shared genetic and environmental risk factors. American Journal of Psychiatry 157, 469–471.10698830 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.3.469 | — | — | — |
| WadeTD, TiggemannM, BulikCM, FairburnCG, WrayNR, MartinNG (2008). Shared temperament risk factors for anorexia nervosa: a twin study. Psychosomatic Medicine 70, 239–244.18158375 10.1097/PSY.0b013e31815c40f1 | — | — | — |
| WeissmanMM, MerikangasKR, WickramaratneP, KiddKK, PrusoffBA, LeckmanJF, PaulsDL (1986). Understanding the clinical heterogeneity of major depression using family data. Archives of General Psychiatry 43, 430–434.3964021 10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800050028003 | — | — | — |
| WirdefeldtK, GatzM, SchallingM, PedersenNL (2004). No evidence for heritability of Parkinson disease in Swedish twins. Neurology 63, 305–311.15277625 10.1212/01.wnl.0000129841.30587.9d | — | — | — |
In this knowledge base
External
| Title | Authors | Journal | Year | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alterations in gray matter volume and cortical thickness in medication-naive offspring with ADHD and a parental history of bipolar disorder. | Lu R et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Familial risk for bipolar disorder, childhood trauma and anxiety in youth: Behavioral approach and inhibition systems as mediators of risk. | Argyriou E et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Genetic underpinnings of YMRS and MADRS scores variations in a bipolar sample. | Calabró M et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Influence of BDNF rs10835210 on right parahippocampal volume and its related cognitive function in first- and multiple-episode bipolar disorder. | Yang R et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Polygenic Risks for Mood Disorders and Economic Well-being: Study of Finnish Cohorts. | Hazak A et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Aberrant White Matter Microstructure in Youth at High Risk for Bipolar Disorder. | Xu H et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Alzheimer disease is (sometimes) highly heritable: Drivers of variation in heritability estimates for binary traits, a systematic review. | Liu S et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Childhood household dysfunction and psychiatric, criminal, and social outcomes in emerging adulthood. A cousin comparison study. | Pitkänen J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Cognitive predictors and genetic moderators of employment outcomes in people with schizophrenia. | Blackman RK et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Exploring Behavioural Patterns in Youth Predisposed to Bipolar Disorder and the Role of Interpersonal Trauma Using the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Dataset. | Ghaleb C et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Genomics of Bipolar Disorder: What the Clinician Needs to Know. | McQuillin A et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Heterogeneity analysis provides evidence for a genetically homogeneous subtype of bipolar-disorder. | McGrouther CC et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| New Genomics Discoveries Across the Bipolar Disorder Spectrum Implicate Neurobiological and Developmental Pathways. | O'Connell KS et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Rare loss-of-function variants in HECTD2 and AKAP11 confer risk of bipolar disorder. | Thorgeirsson TE et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Transdiagnostic findings across major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: A qualitative review. | Stein F et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Aberrant brain network topology in youth with a familial risk for bipolar disorder: a task-based fMRI connectome study. | Pan N et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| A causal relationship between panic disorder and risk of alzheimer disease: a two-sample mendelian randomization analysis. | Tian Y et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| A Machine Learning Analysis of Big Metabolomics Data for Classifying Depression: Model Development and Validation. | Ma S et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| A Plea for Nuance: Should People with a Family History of Bipolar Disorder Be Excluded from Clinical Trials of Psilocybin Therapy? | Downey AE et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Divergent epigenetic responses to perinatal asphyxia in severe mental disorders. | Wortinger LA et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Factor analysis of lifetime psychopathology and its brain morphometric and genetic correlates in a transdiagnostic sample. | Krug A et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Fibroblasts as an in vitro model of circadian genetic and genomic studies. | Francia M et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Gene - maltreatment interplay in adult ADHD symptoms: main role of a gene-environment correlation effect in a Brazilian population longitudinal study. | Tovo-Rodrigues L et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Interpersonal Sensitivity as a Mediator of the Effect of Childhood Parenting Quality on Depressive Symptoms. | Morishita C et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Progress and Implications from Genetic Studies of Bipolar Disorder. | Kong L et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Single-cell multiomics analysis reveals cell/tissue-specific associations in bipolar disorder. | Wei W et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| The emerging neuroimmune hypothesis of bipolar disorder: An updated overview of neuroimmune and microglial findings. | Chaves-Filho A et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Clinical characteristics indexing genetic differences in bipolar disorder - a systematic review. | van Loo HM et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Polygenic Risk Scores for Bipolar Disorder: Progress and Perspectives. | Liu H et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Restoring the missing person to personalized medicine and precision psychiatry. | Gómez-Carrillo A et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| The interactive association of adverse childhood experiences and polygenic susceptibility with depressive symptoms and chronic inflammation in older adults: a prospective cohort study. | Iob E et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Circulating miRNAs as Potential Biomarkers for Patient Stratification in Bipolar Disorder: A Combined Review and Data Mining Approach. | Clausen AR et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Clinical research diagnostic criteria for bipolar illness (CRDC-BP): rationale and validity. | Ghaemi SN et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Genetic and functional analyses implicate microRNA 499A in bipolar disorder development. | Tielke A et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Moderating and Mediating Effects of Resilience Together with Neuroticism on Depressive Symptoms in Adult Volunteers. | Ito S et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Patterns of Convergence and Divergence Between Bipolar Disorder Type I and Type II: Evidence From Integrative Genomic Analyses. | Huang Y et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Quantitative behavioral genetic and molecular genetic foundations of the approach and avoidance strategies. | Smederevac S et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Revisiting tandem repeats in psychiatric disorders from perspectives of genetics, physiology, and brain evolution. | Xiao X et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Big data in severe mental illness: the role of electronic monitoring tools and metabolomics. | Rajula HSR et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Biomarkers of Major Depressive Disorder: Knowing is Half the Battle. | Malik S et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met Polymorphism and Susceptibility to Alcohol Dependence. | Chaudhary A et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Genetic contributions to bipolar disorder: current status and future directions. | O'Connell KS et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Genome-wide association study of more than 40,000 bipolar disorder cases provides new insights into the underlying biology. | Mullins N et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Patterns of convergence and divergence between bipolar disorder type I and type II: evidence from integrative genomic analyses | Huang Y et al. | — | 2021 | — |
| Brain structural correlates of familial risk for mental illness: a meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies in relatives of patients with psychotic or mood disorders. | Zhang W et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Polygenic risk score, psychosocial environment and the risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. | Østergaard SD et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Pre-pubertal bipolar disorder: origins and current status of the controversy. | Duffy A et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Whole-exome sequencing of 81 individuals from 27 multiply affected bipolar disorder families. | Forstner AJ et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| [Breakthrough in understanding the molecular causes of psychiatric disorders]. | Nöthen MM et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Decreased need for sleep as an endophenotype of bipolar disorder: an actigraphy study. | Sebela A et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Depression in primary care: part 1-screening and diagnosis. | Ferenchick EK et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Efficient region-based test strategy uncovers genetic risk factors for functional outcome in bipolar disorder. | Budde M et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Family history of alcohol use disorder is associated with brain structural and functional changes in healthy first-degree relatives. | Filippi I et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Genetic and environmental risk factors in the non-medical use of over-the-counter or prescribed analgesics, and their relationship to major classes of licit and illicit substance use and misuse in a population-based sample of young adult twins. | Gillespie NA et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| The Emergent Course of Bipolar Disorder: Observations Over Two Decades From the Canadian High-Risk Offspring Cohort. | Duffy A et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| The impact of familial risk and early life adversity on emotion and reward processing networks in youth at-risk for bipolar disorder. | Hanford LC et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Affective temperaments play an important role in the relationship between child abuse and the diagnosis of bipolar disorder. | Toda H et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| From the Psychiatrist's Couch to Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Bipolar Disease in a Dish. | Hoffmann A et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Influence of CRHR1 Polymorphisms and Childhood Abuse on Suicide Attempts in Affective Disorders: A GxE Approach. | Ludwig B et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Markers of DNA/RNA damage from oxidation as predictors of a registry-based diagnosis of psychiatric illness in type 2 diabetic patients. | Jorgensen A et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Patterns and predictors of conversion to bipolar disorder in 91 587 individuals diagnosed with unipolar depression. | Musliner KL et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| The use of polygenic risk scores to identify phenotypes associated with genetic risk of bipolar disorder and depression: A systematic review. | Mistry S et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| What Should a Psychiatrist Know About Genetics? Review and Recommendations From the Residency Education Committee of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics. | Nurnberger JI et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Work-Home Interference, Perceived Total Workload, and the Risk of Future Sickness Absence Due to Stress-Related Mental Diagnoses Among Women and Men: a Prospective Twin Study. | Svedberg P et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| ZNF804A Variation May Affect Hippocampal-Prefrontal Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Schizophrenic and Healthy Individuals. | Zhang Y et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Abnormal Rich-Club Organization Associated with Compromised Cognitive Function in Patients with Schizophrenia and Their Unaffected Parents. | Zhao X et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Athanasios Koukopoulos' Psychiatry: The Primacy of Mania and the Limits of Antidepressants. | Ghaemi SN et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Cdh13 and AdipoQ gene knockout alter instrumental and Pavlovian drug conditioning. | King CP et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Do the Trajectories of Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia Follow a Universal Staging Model? | Duffy A et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Efficacy and tolerability of lithium in treating acute mania in youth with bipolar disorder: protocol for a systematic review. | Duffy A et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Evidence for alterations of cortical folding in anorexia nervosa. | Schultz CC et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| [Genetics of bipolar disorder]. | Budde M et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and the Risk of Psychiatric Morbidity in Singleton Sibling Pairs. | Ekblad M et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Systematic assessment of environmental risk factors for bipolar disorder: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. | Bortolato B et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| The influence of parental care and overprotection, neuroticism and adult stressful life events on depressive symptoms in the general adult population. | Ono Y et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Associations between Polygenic Risk for Psychiatric Disorders and Substance Involvement. | Carey CE et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Cortical thickness in bipolar disorder: a systematic review. | Hanford LC et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Empirical tests of natural selection-based evolutionary accounts of ADHD: a systematic review. | Thagaard MS et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| fMRI brain activation changes following treatment of a first bipolar manic episode. | Strakowski SM et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Genetic and Environmental Influences on Disability Pension Due To Mental Diagnoses: Limited Importance of Major Depression, Generalized Anxiety, and Chronic Fatigue. | Narusyte J et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Genetic imaging consortium for addiction medicine: From neuroimaging to genes. | Mackey S et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Molecular biomarkers of depression. | Gururajan A et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Occurrence of sickness absence and disability pension in relation to childbirth: A 16-year follow-up study of 6323 Swedish twins. | Narusyte J et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Self over time: another difference between borderline personality disorder and bipolar disorder. | Borda JP | — | 2016 | → |
| The correlation between plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor and cognitive function in bipolar disorder is modulated by the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism. | Lee SY et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Association of substance dependence phenotypes in the COGA sample. | Wetherill L et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Bipolar disorder and ADHD: comorbidity and diagnostic distinctions. | Marangoni C et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Bipolar disorder and its relation to major psychiatric disorders: a family-based study in the Swedish population. | Song J et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Cerebral Inefficient Activation in Schizophrenia Patients and Their Unaffected Parents during the N-Back Working Memory Task: A Family fMRI Study. | Jiang S et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Childbirth, hospitalisation and sickness absence: a study of female twins. | Björkenstam E et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Development of a bipolar disorder biobank: differential phenotyping for subsequent biomarker analyses. | Frye MA et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| [Duration of therapeutic remission alcohol dependence: a role of dopamine system genes polymorphism and family history density]. | Kibitov AO et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Early identification of recurrent mood disorders in youth: the importance of a developmental approach. | Duffy A | — | 2015 | → |
| Fluctuating capacity and advance decision-making in Bipolar Affective Disorder - Self-binding directives and self-determination. | Gergel T et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Innate immune response is differentially dysregulated between bipolar disease and schizophrenia. | de Baumont A et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Methylation of NR3C1 and SLC6A4 and internalizing problems. The TRAILS study. | van der Knaap LJ et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| National survey and community advisory board development for a bipolar disorder biobank. | Frye MA et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Personalized Medicine: Review and Perspectives of Promising Baseline EEG Biomarkers in Major Depressive Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. | Olbrich S et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Preliminary Transcriptome Analysis in Lymphoblasts from Cluster Headache and Bipolar Disorder Patients Implicates Dysregulation of Circadian and Serotonergic Genes. | Costa M et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| The Neurobiology and Psychology of Pedophilia: Recent Advances and Challenges. | Tenbergen G et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| The structural equation analysis of childhood abuse, adult stressful life events, and temperaments in major depressive disorders and their influence on refractoriness. | Toda H et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Treatment of Anxiety Disorders in a Psychology Clinic. | Labrador FJ et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Associations between childbirth, hospitalization and disability pension: a cohort study of female twins. | Björkenstam E et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Attitudes of medical genetics practitioners and psychiatrists toward communicating with patients about genetic risk for psychiatric disorders. | Zhou YZ et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Bipolar or borderline: a clinical overview. | Ghaemi SN et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Brain regions associated with risk and resistance for bipolar I disorder: a voxel-based MRI study of patients with bipolar disorder and their healthy siblings. | Eker C et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Identification of pathways for bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis. | Nurnberger JI et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Personality disorders in offspring of mothers with mood disorders: results from a longitudinal family study. | Cullen KR et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Preferences regarding targeted education and risk assessment in people with a family history of major depressive disorder. | Quinn V et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The bipolar spectrum: conceptions and misconceptions. | Ghaemi SN et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The influence of childhood abuse, adult stressful life events and temperaments on depressive symptoms in the nonclinical general adult population. | Nakai Y et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Toward a comprehensive clinical staging model for bipolar disorder: integrating the evidence. | Duffy A | — | 2014 | → |
| Two rare AKAP9 variants are associated with Alzheimer's disease in African Americans. | Logue MW et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Unique genetic loci identified for emotional behavior in control and chronic stress conditions. | Carhuatanta KA et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| When less is more--microRNAs and psychiatric disorders. | Kolshus E et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Adaptation to bipolar disorder and perceived risk to children: a survey of parents with bipolar disorder. | Peay HL et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Bargaining models of depression and evolution of cooperation. | Rosenström T | — | 2013 | → |
| Biomarker Development for Brain-Based Disorders: Recent Progress in Psychiatry. | Enaw JO et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Bipolar spectrum: a review of the concept and a vision for the future. | Ghaemi SN | — | 2013 | → |
| Evidence for single nucleotide polymorphisms and their association with bipolar disorder. | Szczepankiewicz A | — | 2013 | → |
| GABRA2 markers moderate the subjective effects of alcohol. | Uhart M et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Interest, rationale, and potential clinical applications of genetic testing for mood disorders: a survey of stakeholders. | Erickson JA et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Longitudinal course of depressive symptoms in adulthood: linear stochastic differential equation modeling. | Rosenström T et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Neural networks in psychiatry. | Hulshoff Pol H et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Taking disease seriously in DSM. | Ghaemi SN | — | 2013 | → |
| The impact of phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity on results of genome wide association studies of complex diseases. | Manchia M et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The implications of genomics on the nursing care of adults with neuropsychiatric conditions. | Schutte DL et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Biological indicators of illness risk in offspring of bipolar parents: targeting the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune system. | Duffy A et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Brain SCALE: brain structure and cognition: an adolescent longitudinal twin study into the genetic etiology of individual differences. | van Soelen IL et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Considerations on the ICD-11 classification of psychotic depression. | Ostergaard SD et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Familial linkage between neuropsychiatric disorders and intellectual interests. | Campbell BC et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Genetics of bipolar disorder: where we are and where we are going. | Nurnberger JI | — | 2012 | → |
| Genetic susceptibility to burnout in a Swedish twin cohort. | Blom V et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Longitudinal study of emerging mental health concerns in youth perinatally infected with HIV and peer comparisons. | Gadow KD et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Recent advances in the genetic epidemiology and molecular genetics of substance use disorders. | Kendler KS et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Subjective perceptions associated with the ascending and descending slopes of breath alcohol exposure vary with recent drinking history. | Wetherill L et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The nature of the association between childhood ADHD and the development of bipolar disorder: a review of prospective high-risk studies. | Duffy A | — | 2012 | → |
| A comprehensive genetic association study of Alzheimer disease in African Americans. | Logue MW et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Common genetic influences on depression, alcohol, and substance use disorders in Mexican-American families. | Olvera RL et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Hippocampal gene expression analysis highlights Ly6a/Sca-1 as candidate gene for previously mapped novelty induced behaviors in mice. | de Jong S et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| The heterogeneity of depression: an old debate renewed. | Ghaemi SN et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| The treatment of severe child aggression (TOSCA) study: Design challenges. | Farmer CA et al. | — | 2011 | → |