The D2 dopamine receptor gene as a determinant of reward deficiency syndrome.
paper
Cited
Public
Unavailable
- Authors
- Blum, K; Sheridan, P J; Wood, R C; Braverman, E R; Chen, T J; Cull, J G; Comings, D E
- Year
- 1996
- Journal
- Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
- PMID
- 8774539
- DOI
- 10.1177/014107689608900711
- PMCID
- PMC1295855
The dopaminergic system, and in particular the dopamine D2 receptor, has been profoundly implicated in reward mechanisms in the brain. Dysfunction of the D2 dopamine receptors leads to aberrant substance seeking behaviour (alcohol, drug, tobacco, and food) and other related behaviours (pathological gambling, Tourette's syndrome, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). We propose that variants of the D2 dopamine receptor gene are important common genetic determinants of the 'reward deficiency syndrome'.
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| Relationship between craving and ghrelin, adiponectin, and resistin levels in patients with alcoholism. | Akkiลi Kumsar N et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| Reward Deficiency Syndrome: Attentional/Arousal Subtypes, Limitations of Current Diagnostic Nosology, and Future Research. | Modestino EJ et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| Stress exposure, food intake and emotional state. | Ulrich-Lai YM et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| The Molecular Neurobiology of Twelve Steps Program & Fellowship: Connecting the Dots for Recovery. | Blum K et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| Adolescent depression: stress and reward dysfunction. | Auerbach RP et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| A selective role for dopamine Dโ receptors in modulating reward expectancy in a rodent slot machine task. | Cocker PJ et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Buprenorphine Response as a Function of Neurogenetic Polymorphic Antecedents: Can Dopamine Genes Affect Clinical Outcomes in Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS)? | Blum K et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Dopamine and glucose, obesity, and reward deficiency syndrome. | Blum K et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Epigenetic alteration of the dopamine transporter gene in alcohol-dependent patients is associated with age. | Nieratschker V et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Gaining insight into adolescent vulnerability for social anxiety from developmental cognitive neuroscience. | Caouette JD et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS): molecular neurogenetic evidence for predisposition to Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS). | Blum K et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Hatching the behavioral addiction egg: Reward Deficiency Solution System (RDSS)โข as a function of dopaminergic neurogenetics and brain functional connectivity linking all addictions under a common rubric. | Blum K et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Hypothesizing dopaminergic genetic antecedents in schizophrenia and substance seeking behavior. | Blum K et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Impulsivity moderates the association between physical activity and alcohol consumption. | Leasure JL et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Influence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on binge eating behaviors and psychiatric comorbidity profile of obese women. | Nazar BP et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Pharmacogenetics of the G protein-coupled receptors. | Thompson MD et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Problem gamblers are hyposensitive to wins: an analysis of skin conductance responses during actual gambling on electronic gaming machines. | Lole L et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Relationships between sleep and addiction: the role of drug-environment conditioning. | Berro LF et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Tesofensine, a novel triple monoamine re-uptake inhibitor with anti-obesity effects: dopamine transporter occupancy as measured by PET. | Appel L et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Understanding the control of ingestive behavior in primates. | Wilson ME et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Acute restraint stress prevents nicotine-induced mesolimbic dopaminergic activation via a corticosterone-mediated mechanism: a microdialysis study in the rat. | Enrico P et al. | โ | 2013 | โ |
| Analytical strategies for large imaging genetic datasets: experiences from the IMAGEN study. | Nymberg C et al. | โ | 2013 | โ |
| A targeted review of the neurobiology and genetics of behavioural addictions: an emerging area of research. | Leeman RF et al. | โ | 2013 | โ |
| Common Phenotype in Patients with Both Food and Substance Dependence: Case Reports. | Campbell H et al. | โ | 2013 | โ |
| Declinol, a Complex Containing Kudzu, Bitter Herbs (Gentian, Tangerine Peel) and Bupleurum, Significantly Reduced Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) Scores in Moderate to Heavy Drinkers: A Pilot Study. | Kushner S et al. | โ | 2013 | โ |
| Dopamine Genetics and Function in Food and Substance Abuse. | Blum K et al. | โ | 2013 | โ |
| Dopamine receptor D1 and postsynaptic density gene variants associate with opiate abuse and striatal expression levels. | Jacobs MM et al. | โ | 2013 | โ |
| Genospirituality: Our Beliefs, Our Genomes, and Addictions. | Blum K et al. | โ | 2013 | โ |
| Have We Hatched the Addiction Egg: Reward Deficiency Syndrome Solution Systemโข | Downs B et al. | โ | 2013 | โ |
| Hypothesizing repetitive paraphilia behavior of a medication refractive Tourette's syndrome patient having rapid clinical attenuation with KB220Z-nutrigenomic amino-acid therapy (NAAT). | Mclaughlin T et al. | โ | 2013 | โ |
| Imaging impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease and their relationship to addiction. | Ray NJ et al. | โ | 2013 | โ |
| Oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) in relation to loneliness in adolescence: interactions with sex, parental support, and DRD2 and 5-HTTLPR genotypes. | van Roekel E et al. | โ | 2013 | โ |
| Pharmacotherapies for Overeating and Obesity. | Yarnell S et al. | โ | 2013 | โ |
| The CHRNA3 rs578776 Variant is Associated with an Intrinsic Reward Sensitivity Deficit in Smokers. | Robinson JD et al. | โ | 2013 | โ |
| The dopamine system in mediating alcohol effects in humans. | Charlet K et al. | โ | 2013 | โ |
| Treatment of internet addiction: a meta-analysis. | Winkler A et al. | โ | 2013 | โ |
| Adiposity measures predict olfactory processing speed in older adult carriers of the apolipoprotein E ฮต4 allele. | Zamora R et al. | โ | 2012 | โ |
| Behavioral addictions: an overview. | Karim R et al. | โ | 2012 | โ |
| Development of eating behavior: biology and context. | Gahagan S | โ | 2012 | โ |
| Emerging association between addictive gaming and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. | Weinstein A et al. | โ | 2012 | โ |
| Frequency of gambling problems among parents of pathological, versus nonpathological, casino gamblers using slot machines. | Versini A et al. | โ | 2012 | โ |
| Hair pulling disorder (trichotillomania): genes, neurobiology, and a model for understanding impulsivity and compulsivity. | Flessner CA et al. | โ | 2012 | โ |
| Identification of two functionally distinct endosomal recycling pathways for dopamine Dโ receptor. | Li Y et al. | โ | 2012 | โ |
| Intra-nucleus-accumbens SKF38393 improved the impaired acquisition of morphine-conditioned place preference in depression-like rats. | Gao J et al. | โ | 2012 | โ |
| "Liking" and "wanting" linked to Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): hypothesizing differential responsivity in brain reward circuitry. | Blum K et al. | โ | 2012 | โ |
| Neurogenetic Impairments of Brain Reward Circuitry Links to Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): Potential Nutrigenomic Induced Dopaminergic Activation. | Blum K et al. | โ | 2012 | โ |
| Neurogenetics and Epigenetics in Impulsive Behaviour: Impact on Reward Circuitry. | Archer T et al. | โ | 2012 | โ |
| Neurogenetics and Nutrigenomics of Neuro-Nutrient Therapy for Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): Clinical Ramifications as a Function of Molecular Neurobiological Mechanisms. | Blum K et al. | โ | 2012 | โ |
| Neuropsychiatric Genetics of Happiness, Friendships, and Politics: Hypothesizing Homophily ("Birds of a Feather Flock Together") as a Function of Reward Gene Polymorphisms. | Blum K et al. | โ | 2012 | โ |
| Nur-related receptor 1 gene polymorphisms and alcohol dependence in Mexican Americans. | Wei YM et al. | โ | 2012 | โ |
| Sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll: hypothesizing common mesolimbic activation as a function of reward gene polymorphisms. | Blum K et al. | โ | 2012 | โ |
| Social stress interacts with diet history to promote emotional feeding in females. | Michopoulos V et al. | โ | 2012 | โ |
| The addictive brain: all roads lead to dopamine. | Blum K et al. | โ | 2012 | โ |
| The moderating effect of alcohol-specific parental rule-setting on the relation between the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2), the ฮผ-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) and alcohol use in young adolescents. | Pieters S et al. | โ | 2012 | โ |
| Addiction and brain reward and antireward pathways. | Gardner EL | โ | 2011 | โ |
| Addictive genes and the relationship to obesity and inflammation. | Heber D et al. | โ | 2011 | โ |
| Behavioral economics of food reinforcement and the effects of prefeeding, extinction, and eticlopride in dopamine D2 receptor mutant mice. | Soto PL et al. | โ | 2011 | โ |
| Critical thoughts on current rodent models for evaluating potential treatments of alcohol addiction and withdrawal. | Ripley TL et al. | โ | 2011 | โ |
| Deficits in reward system activation and impulsivity: a predisposing condition to alcoholism? | Duka T | โ | 2011 | โ |
| Enhanced striatal dopamine release during food stimulation in binge eating disorder. | Wang GJ et al. | โ | 2011 | โ |
| Enhanced sucrose and cocaine self-administration and cue-induced drug seeking after loss of VGLUT2 in midbrain dopamine neurons in mice. | Alsiรถ J et al. | โ | 2011 | โ |
| Epigenetics in Developmental Disorder: ADHD and Endophenotypes. | Archer T et al. | โ | 2011 | โ |
| Generational association studies of dopaminergic genes in reward deficiency syndrome (RDS) subjects: selecting appropriate phenotypes for reward dependence behaviors. | Blum K et al. | โ | 2011 | โ |
| Neuro-chemical activation of brain reward meso-limbic circuitry is associated with relapse prevention and drug hunger: a hypothesis. | Blum K et al. | โ | 2011 | โ |
| Neurogenetics and clinical evidence for the putative activation of the brain reward circuitry by a neuroadaptagen: proposing an addiction candidate gene panel map. | Chen TJ et al. | โ | 2011 | โ |
| Neuro-Genetics of Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) as the Root Cause of "Addiction Transfer": A New Phenomenon Common after Bariatric Surgery. | Blum K et al. | โ | 2011 | โ |
| Problem gamblers exhibit reward hypersensitivity in medial frontal cortex during gambling. | Oberg SA et al. | โ | 2011 | โ |
| Risky alcohol use in adolescence: the role of genetics (DRD2, SLC6A4) and coping motives. | van der Zwaluw CS et al. | โ | 2011 | โ |
| The association between the SLC6A3 VNTR 9-repeat allele and alcoholism-a meta-analysis. | Du Y et al. | โ | 2011 | โ |
| The dopamine D2 receptor gene, perceived parental support, and adolescent loneliness: longitudinal evidence for gene-environment interactions. | van Roekel E et al. | โ | 2011 | โ |
| Body mass correlates inversely with inhibitory control in response to food among adolescent girls: an fMRI study. | Batterink L et al. | โ | 2010 | โ |
| Depression and the role of genes involved in dopamine metabolism and signalling. | Opmeer EM et al. | โ | 2010 | โ |
| Do dopaminergic gene polymorphisms affect mesolimbic reward activation of music listening response? Therapeutic impact on Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS). | Blum K et al. | โ | 2010 | โ |
| Dysfunctional reward processing in male alcoholics: an ERP study during a gambling task. | Kamarajan C et al. | โ | 2010 | โ |
| Increased dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation in obese children during observation of food stimuli. | Davids S et al. | โ | 2010 | โ |
| Interaction between dopamine D2 receptor genotype and parental rule-setting in adolescent alcohol use: evidence for a gene-parenting interaction. | van der Zwaluw CS et al. | โ | 2010 | โ |
| Neurobiological correlates of problem gambling in a quasi-realistic blackjack scenario as revealed by fMRI. | Miedl SF et al. | โ | 2010 | โ |
| Regret and the rationality of choices. | Bourgeois-Gironde S | โ | 2010 | โ |
| Reward sensitivity: issues of measurement, and achieving consilience between human and animal phenotypes. | Stephens DN et al. | โ | 2010 | โ |
| Weight gain is associated with reduced striatal response to palatable food. | Stice E et al. | โ | 2010 | โ |
| A neural circuit mechanism integrating motivational state with memory expression in Drosophila. | Krashes MJ et al. | โ | 2009 | โ |
| Dopamine D2 receptor polymorphisms and adenoma recurrence in the Polyp Prevention Trial. | Murphy G et al. | โ | 2009 | โ |
| Gene-environment interactions and alcohol use and dependence: current status and future challenges. | van der Zwaluw CS et al. | โ | 2009 | โ |
| Genome-wide and candidate gene association study of cigarette smoking behaviors. | Caporaso N et al. | โ | 2009 | โ |
| Impulse control disorders and dopamine dysregulation syndrome associated with dopamine agonist therapy in Parkinson's disease. | Fenu S et al. | โ | 2009 | โ |
| Neurogenetics of dopaminergic receptor supersensitivity in activation of brain reward circuitry and relapse: proposing "deprivation-amplification relapse therapy" (DART). | Blum K et al. | โ | 2009 | โ |
| The interaction of reward genes with environmental factors in contribution to alcoholism in mexican americans. | Du Y et al. | โ | 2009 | โ |
| Towards conceptualizing a neural systems-based anatomy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. | Makris N et al. | โ | 2009 | โ |
| Trichotillomania: neurobiology and treatment. | Chamberlain SR et al. | โ | 2009 | โ |
| Understanding and treating alcohol craving and dependence: recent pharmacological and neuroendocrinological findings. | Leggio L | โ | 2009 | โ |
| Activation instead of blocking mesolimbic dopaminergic reward circuitry is a preferred modality in the long term treatment of reward deficiency syndrome (RDS): a commentary. | Blum K et al. | โ | 2008 | โ |
| A DRD4/BDNF gene-gene interaction associated with maximum BMI in women with bulimia nervosa. | Kaplan AS et al. | โ | 2008 | โ |
| Approach to the genetics of alcoholism: a review based on pathophysiology. | Kรถhnke MD | โ | 2008 | โ |
| Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder and reward deficiency syndrome. | Blum K et al. | โ | 2008 | โ |
| Bipolar disorder and the metabolic syndrome: causal factors, psychiatric outcomes and economic burden. | Fagiolini A et al. | โ | 2008 | โ |
| Decreased volume of the brain reward system in alcoholism. | Makris N et al. | โ | 2008 | โ |
| Drd2 expression in the high alcohol-preferring and low alcohol-preferring mice. | Bice PJ et al. | โ | 2008 | โ |
| G protein-coupled receptor pharmacogenetics. | Thompson MD et al. | โ | 2008 | โ |
| LG839: anti-obesity effects and polymorphic gene correlates of reward deficiency syndrome. | Blum K et al. | โ | 2008 | โ |
| Reward sensitivity and the D2 dopamine receptor gene: A case-control study of binge eating disorder. | Davis C et al. | โ | 2008 | โ |
| Sensitivity to reward and body mass index (BMI): evidence for a non-linear relationship. | Davis C et al. | โ | 2008 | โ |
| A D2 antagonist enhances the rewarding and priming effects of a gambling episode in pathological gamblers. | Zack M et al. | โ | 2007 | โ |
| Allelic and genotypic associations of DRD2 TaqI A polymorphism with heroin dependence in Spanish subjects: a case control study. | Perez de los Cobos J et al. | โ | 2007 | โ |
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and integrative approaches. | Sadiq AJ | โ | 2007 | โ |
| D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) gene Taq1A polymorphism and the eating-related psychological traits in eating disorders (anorexia nervosa and bulimia) and obesity. | Nisoli E et al. | โ | 2007 | โ |
| Gene \Narcotic Attenuation Program attenuates substance use disorder, a clinical subtype of reward deficiency syndrome. | Chen TJ et al. | โ | 2007 | โ |
| Genotrim, a DNA-customized nutrigenomic product, targets genetic factors of obesity: hypothesizing a dopamine-glucose correlation demonstrating reward deficiency syndrome (RDS). | Blum K et al. | โ | 2007 | โ |
| Hormonal and genetic influences on processing reward and social information. | Caldรบ X et al. | โ | 2007 | โ |
| Identification of QTLs influencing alcohol preference in the High Alcohol Preferring (HAP) and Low Alcohol Preferring (LAP) mouse lines. | Bice PJ et al. | โ | 2006 | โ |
| Reward deficiency syndrome in obesity: a preliminary cross-sectional trial with a Genotrim variant. | Blum K et al. | โ | 2006 | โ |
| The mesolimbic dopamine system: the final common pathway for the reinforcing effect of drugs of abuse? | Pierce RC et al. | โ | 2006 | โ |
| A review of smoking cessation interventions. | Maseeh A et al. | โ | 2005 | โ |
| Individual differences in extraversion and dopamine genetics predict neural reward responses. | Cohen MX et al. | โ | 2005 | โ |
| The G protein-coupled receptors: pharmacogenetics and disease. | Thompson MD et al. | โ | 2005 | โ |
| Disrupted sensory gating in pathological gambling. | Stojanov W et al. | โ | 2003 | โ |
| The A1 allele of the DRD2 gene (TaqI A polymorphisms) is associated with antisocial personality in a sample of alcohol-dependent patients. | Ponce G et al. | โ | 2003 | โ |
| Addictive potential of cannabinoids: the underlying neurobiology. | Gardner EL | โ | 2002 | โ |
| A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling. | Blaszczynski A et al. | โ | 2002 | โ |
| Brain DA D2 receptors predict reinforcing effects of stimulants in humans: replication study. | Volkow ND et al. | โ | 2002 | โ |
| D(2) dopamine receptor (DRD2) polymorphism is associated with severity of alcohol dependence. | Connor JP et al. | โ | 2002 | โ |
| A twin study of the association between pathological gambling and antisocial personality disorder. | Slutske WS et al. | โ | 2001 | โ |
| Genetic clues to the molecular basis of tobacco addiction and progress towards personalized therapy. | Walton R et al. | โ | 2001 | โ |
| No association between the dopamine d2 receptor taqi a1 allele and earlier age of onset of alcohol dependence according to different specified criteria. | Anghelescu I et al. | โ | 2001 | โ |
| Reward deficiency syndrome: a biogenetic model for the diagnosis and treatment of impulsive, addictive, and compulsive behaviors. | Blum K et al. | โ | 2000 | โ |
| Reward deficiency syndrome: genetic aspects of behavioral disorders. | Comings DE et al. | โ | 2000 | โ |
| Sex differences in dopamine receptors and their relevance to ADHD. | Andersen SL et al. | โ | 2000 | โ |
| Linkage studies of D2 and D4 receptor genes and alcoholism. | Hill SY et al. | โ | 1999 | โ |
| Association study between the -141C Ins/Del and TaqI A polymorphisms of the dopamine D2 receptor gene and alcoholism. | Ishiguro H et al. | โ | 1998 | โ |
| Enhancement of attention processing by Kantroll in healthy humans: a pilot study. | DeFrance JF et al. | โ | 1997 | โ |