How does stress increase risk of drug abuse and relapse?
- Authors
- Sinha, R
- Year
- 2001
- Journal
- Psychopharmacology
- PMID
- 11797055
- DOI
- 10.1007/s002130100917
RATIONALE: The notion that stress leads to drug abuse in vulnerable individuals and relapse in addicts is not new. Most major theories of addiction postulate that stress plays an important role in increasing drug use and relapse. Several animal studies and some human laboratory studies have shown that stress exposure enhances drug self-administration. Although clinical observations suggest that exposure to stress increases drug use, and are associated with craving and relapse in addicts, human research in this area is largely correlational and at times contradictory. OBJECTIVE: Given the growing preclinical evidence that supports the key role of stress in substance abuse, careful examination of this research area in humans is warranted. This paper examines empirical evidence on how stress may increase the vulnerability to drug abuse, and explores whether chronic drug abuse alters the stress response and coping in addicts, thereby increasing the likelihood of drug seeking and relapse. Unanswered questions on the association between stress and substance abuse in humans are identified. CONCLUSION: Preclinical research has shown that stress, in addition to drug itself, plays a key role in perpetuating drug abuse and relapse. However, the mechanisms underlying this association in humans remain unclear. A greater understanding of how stress may perpetuate drug abuse will likely have a significant impact on both prevention and treatment development in the field of addiction.
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| WITHDRAWN: Anti-relapse medications: Preclinical models for drug addiction treatment. | Yahyavi-Firouz-Abadi N et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Young Investigator Award symposium. | Witkiewitz K et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Adolescent neurological development and its implications for adolescent substance use prevention. | Lopez B et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Adolescent stressors, psychopathology, and young adult substance dependence: a prospective study. | King KM et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Age- and sex-dependent effects of footshock stress on subsequent alcohol drinking and acoustic startle behavior in mice selectively bred for high-alcohol preference. | Chester JA et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Alcohol dependence, withdrawal, and relapse. | Becker HC | β | 2008 | β |
| Beta-endorphin and drug-induced reward and reinforcement. | Roth-Deri I et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Chronic stress, drug use, and vulnerability to addiction. | Sinha R | β | 2008 | β |
| Chronic stress enhances methamphetamine-induced extracellular glutamate and excitotoxicity in the rat striatum. | Tata DA et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Chronic unpredictable stress enhances cocaine-conditioned place preference in type 1 cannabinoid receptor knockout mice. | Miller LL et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Corticotropin-releasing factor-1 receptor involvement in behavioral neuroadaptation to ethanol: a urocortin1-independent mechanism. | Pastor R et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Effects of smoking successive low- and high-nicotine cigarettes on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hormones and mood in men. | Mendelson JH et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Enhanced sensitivity to stress and drug/alcohol craving in abstinent cocaine-dependent individuals compared to social drinkers. | Fox HC et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Evaluation of a trauma-informed and gender-responsive intervention for women in drug treatment. | Covington SS et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Food restriction enhances peak corticosterone levels, cocaine-induced locomotor activity, and DeltaFosB expression in the nucleus accumbens of the rat. | Stamp JA et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Gender differences in response to emotional stress: an assessment across subjective, behavioral, and physiological domains and relations to alcohol craving. | Chaplin TM et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| HPA-axis activity in alcoholism: examples for a gene-environment interaction. | Clarke TK et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Influence of neuronal nicotinic receptors over nicotine addiction and withdrawal. | De Biasi M et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Inhibitory control and emotional stress regulation: neuroimaging evidence for frontal-limbic dysfunction in psycho-stimulant addiction. | Li CS et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Involvement of arginine vasopressin and V1b receptor in heroin withdrawal and heroin seeking precipitated by stress and by heroin. | Zhou Y et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Lack of relation between drug-seeking behavior in an addiction model and the expression of behavioral sensitization in response to ethanol challenge in mice. | Ribeiro AF et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Maternal separation stress in male mice: long-term increases in alcohol intake. | Cruz FC et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Neural plasticity and addiction: integrin-linked kinase and cocaine behavioral sensitization. | Chen Q et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Neurobiology of addiction. An integrative review. | Goodman A | β | 2008 | β |
| Nicotine relieves anxiogenic-like behavior in mice that overexpress the read-through variant of acetylcholinesterase but not in wild-type mice. | Salas R et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| NMDA receptors in the rat VTA: a critical site for social stress to intensify cocaine taking. | Covington HE et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Noradrenergic transmission in the extended amygdala: role in increased drug-seeking and relapse during protracted drug abstinence. | Smith RJ et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Nucleus accumbens shell and core involvement in drug context-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats. | Fuchs RA et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Opposing actions of chronic stress and chronic nicotine on striatal function in mice. | Salas R et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Persistent alterations in mesolimbic gene expression with abstinence from cocaine self-administration. | Freeman WM et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Predicting treatment outcome in stimulant dependence. | Reske M et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Rats with extended access to cocaine exhibit increased stress reactivity and sensitivity to the anxiolytic-like effects of the mGluR 2/3 agonist LY379268 during abstinence. | Aujla H et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Reinstatement of ethanol and sucrose seeking by the neurosteroid allopregnanolone in C57BL/6 mice. | Finn DA et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Repeated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or cytokine treatments sensitize ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior. | Breese GR et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Repeated social defeat stress-induced sensitization to the locomotor activating effects of d-amphetamine: role of individual differences. | Dietz DM et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Restraint stress and ethanol consumption in two mouse strains. | Yang X et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Review. Genetics of addictions: strategies for addressing heterogeneity and polygenicity of substance use disorders. | Wong CC et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Severity of childhood trauma is predictive of cocaine relapse outcomes in women but not men. | Hyman SM et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Social stress, therapeutics and drug abuse: preclinical models of escalated and depressed intake. | Miczek KA et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Stress and Rodent Models of Drug Addiction: Role of VTA-Accumbens-PFC-Amygdala Circuit. | Yap JJ et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Stress and sex influences on food-seeking behaviors. | Pankevich DE et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Stress impairs reconsolidation of drug memory via glucocorticoid receptors in the basolateral amygdala. | Wang XY et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Stressor- and corticotropin releasing factor-induced reinstatement and active stress-related behavioral responses are augmented following long-access cocaine self-administration by rats. | Mantsch JR et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| The CRF-1 receptor antagonist, CP-154,526, attenuates stress-induced increases in ethanol consumption by BALB/cJ mice. | Lowery EG et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Accumbal FosB/DeltaFosB immunoreactivity and conditioned place preference in alcohol-preferring AA rats and alcohol-avoiding ANA rats treated repeatedly with cocaine. | Marttila K et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Acupuncture treatment for women with concurrent substance use and anxiety/depression: an effective alternative therapy? | Courbasson CM et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Alcohol administration acutely inhibits ghrelin secretion in an experiment involving psychosocial stress. | Zimmermann US et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| An endocannabinoid mechanism in relapse to drug seeking: a review of animal studies and clinical perspectives. | Fattore L et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Baclofen blocks expression and sensitization of anxiety-like behavior in an animal model of repeated stress and ethanol withdrawal. | Knapp DJ et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Behavioral therapies trials: a case example. | Marcus MT et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Childhood maltreatment, perceived stress, and stress-related coping in recently abstinent cocaine dependent adults. | Hyman SM et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Chronic cannabis use does not affect the normalization of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis induced by methadone in heroin addicts. | Nava F et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Daily cocaine self-administration under long-access conditions augments restraint-induced increases in plasma corticosterone and impairs glucocorticoid receptor-mediated negative feedback in rats. | Mantsch JR et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Daily stressor sensitivity, abuse effects, and cocaine use in cocaine dependence. | Waldrop AE et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Drug challenges reveal differences in mediation of stress facilitation of voluntary alcohol drinking and withdrawal-induced anxiety in alcohol-preferring P rats. | Overstreet DH et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Effects of chronic unpredictable stress and methamphetamine on hippocampal glutamate function. | Raudensky J et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Effects of lofexidine on stress-induced and cue-induced opioid craving and opioid abstinence rates: preliminary findings. | Sinha R et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Elevation of glucocorticoids is necessary but not sufficient for the escalation of cocaine self-administration by chronic electric footshock stress in rats. | Mantsch JR et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| How gene-stress-behavior interactions can promote adolescent alcohol use: the roles of predrinking allostatic load and childhood behavior disorders. | Zimmermann US et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Imaging stress- and cue-induced drug and alcohol craving: association with relapse and clinical implications. | Sinha R et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Impulsivity and chronic stress are associated with amphetamine-induced striatal dopamine release. | Oswald LM et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Long maternal separation accelerates behavioural sensitization to ethanol in female, but not in male mice. | Kawakami SE et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Neighborhood and HIV infection among IDU: place of residence independently predicts HIV infection among a cohort of injection drug users. | Maas B et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Neurotoxic effects of chronic restraint stress in the striatum of methamphetamine-exposed rats. | Quinton MS et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Psychiatric comorbidity in long-term abstinent alcoholic individuals. | Di Sclafani V et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Relationships between self-reported unfair treatment and prescription medication use, illicit drug use, and alcohol dependence among Filipino Americans. | Gee GC et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Remission and resurgence of anxiety-like behavior across protracted withdrawal stages in ethanol-dependent rats. | Zhao Y et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Restraint-induced corticosterone secretion and hypothalamic CRH mRNA expression are augmented during acute withdrawal from chronic cocaine administration. | Mantsch JR et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Social defeat stress, sensitization, and intravenous cocaine self-administration in mice. | Yap JJ et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Stress- and cue-induced cigarette craving: effects of a family history of smoking. | Colamussi L et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Stress and drug-cue-induced craving in opioid-dependent individuals in naltrexone treatment. | Hyman SM et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Stress-induced and alcohol cue-induced craving in recently abstinent alcohol-dependent individuals. | Fox HC et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Stress-induced relapse to cocaine seeking: roles for the CRF(2) receptor and CRF-binding protein in the ventral tegmental area of the rat. | Wang B et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| The amygdala regulates the antianxiety sensitization effect of flumazenil during repeated chronic ethanol or repeated stress. | Knapp DJ et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| The CRF1 receptor antagonist antalarmin attenuates yohimbine-induced increases in operant alcohol self-administration and reinstatement of alcohol seeking in rats. | Marinelli PW et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| The effect of neighborhood context on the drug use of American Indian youth of the Southwest. | Yabiku ST et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| The effects of a single session of inescapable tailshock on the subsequent locomotor response to brief footshock and cocaine administration in rats. | Der-Avakian A et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| The relationship of stress, coping, effect expectancies and craving. | Grusser SM et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| The role of stress in addiction relapse. | Sinha R | β | 2007 | β |
| Acute and repeated cocaine induces alterations in FosB/DeltaFosB expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. | Chocyk A et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Alcohol craving in problem and occasional alcohol drinkers. | GrΓΌsser SM et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Alexithymia and stress-induced brain activation in cocaine-dependent men and women. | Li CS et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| A new approach to preventing relapse in opiate addicts: a psychometric evaluation. | GrΓΌsser SM et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| A role for corticotropin-releasing factor, but not corticosterone, in acute food-deprivation-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking in rats. | Shalev U et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Biological research on drug abuse and addiction in Hispanics: current status and future directions. | Trujillo KA et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Conceptual, methodological, and analytical issues in the study of relapse. | McKay JR et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Effects of dexfenfluramine and 5-HT3 receptor antagonists on stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking in rats. | LΓͺ AD et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Effects of the CRF1 antagonist antalarmin on cocaine self-administration and discrimination in rhesus monkeys. | Mello NK et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Gender differences in cardiovascular and corticoadrenal response to stress and drug cues in cocaine dependent individuals. | Fox HC et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Illicit drug use and anxiety disorders: findings from two community surveys. | Sareen J et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Influence of ethanol withdrawal on fear memory: Effect of D-cycloserine. | Bertotto ME et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Mediators of the stress-substance-use relationship in urban male adolescents. | Fishbein DH et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Morphine conditioned place preference depends on glucocorticoid receptors in both hippocampus and nucleus accumbens. | Dong Z et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Morphine withdrawal modifies antinociceptive effects of acute morphine in rats. | Dong Z et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| On blending practice and research: the search for commonalities in substance abuse treatment. | Kellogg S et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Region-specific effects of brain corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 1 blockade on footshock-stress- or drug-priming-induced reinstatement of morphine conditioned place preference in rats. | Wang J et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Relationship between plasma cortisol levels, withdrawal symptoms and craving in abstinent and treated heroin addicts. | Nava F et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Reliability of salivary cortisol assessments in cocaine dependent individuals. | Fox HC et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Repeated brief social defeat episodes in mice: effects on cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus. | Yap JJ et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Social anxiety and problematic cannabis use: evaluating the moderating role of stress reactivity and perceived coping. | Buckner JD et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Social stress is as effective as physical stress in reinstating morphine-induced place preference in mice. | Ribeiro Do Couto B et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Stress evoked by opiate withdrawal facilitates hippocampal LTP in vivo. | Dong Z et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Toward a model of drug relapse: an assessment of the validity of the reinstatement procedure. | Epstein DH et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Transient changes in nucleus accumbens amino acid concentrations correlate with individual responsivity to the predator fox odor 2,5-dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline. | Venton BJ et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| What explains the association between neighborhood-level income inequality and the risk of fatal overdose in New York City? | Nandi A et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Anatomy and pharmacology of cocaine priming-induced reinstatement of drug seeking. | Schmidt HD et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Brief social defeat stress: long lasting effects on cocaine taking during a binge and zif268 mRNA expression in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. | Covington HE et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Cannabinoid CB(1) antagonist SR 141716A attenuates reinstatement of heroin self-administration in heroin-abstinent rats. | Fattore L et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Cocaine experience establishes control of midbrain glutamate and dopamine by corticotropin-releasing factor: a role in stress-induced relapse to drug seeking. | Wang B et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Conceptual framework for the etiology of alcoholism: a "kindling"/stress hypothesis. | Breese GR et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Conditioned place preference associates with the mRNA expression of diazepam binding inhibitor in brain regions of the addicted rat during withdrawal. | Liu X et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Co-occurring mental and substance use disorders: the neurobiological effects of chronic stress. | Brady KT et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Dissecting the genetic effect of the CRH system on anxiety and stress-related behaviour. | Deussing JM et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Dissection of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis pathology in 1-month-abstinent alcohol-dependent men, part 1: adrenocortical and pituitary glucocorticoid responsiveness. | Adinoff B et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Dissection of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis pathology in 1-month-abstinent alcohol-dependent men, part 2: response to ovine corticotropin-releasing factor and naloxone. | Adinoff B et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Early environmental experience alters baseline and ethanol-induced cognitive impulsivity: relationship to forebrain 5-HT1A receptor binding. | Hellemans KG et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Effects of low- and high-nicotine cigarette smoking on mood states and the HPA axis in men. | Mendelson JH et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Factors mediating alcohol craving and relapse: stress, compulsivity, and genetics. | Rodd ZA et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Frequency of recent cocaine and alcohol use affects drug craving and associated responses to stress and drug-related cues. | Fox HC et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Gender differences in stress reactivity among cocaine-dependent individuals. | Back SE et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Intense cocaine self-administration after episodic social defeat stress, but not after aggressive behavior: dissociation from corticosterone activation. | Covington HE et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Levels and circadian rhythmicity of plasma ACTH, cortisol, and beta-endorphin as a function of family history of alcoholism. | Gianoulakis C et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Modulation of ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior during later withdrawals by treatment of early withdrawals with benzodiazepine/gamma-aminobutyric acid ligands. | Knapp DJ et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Neonatal isolation is a relevant model for studying the contributions of early life stress to vulnerability to drug abuse: response to Marmendal et al. (2004). | Kosten TA et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Neonatal isolation stress potentiates cocaine seeking behavior in adult male and female rats. | Lynch WJ et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Neural activity associated with stress-induced cocaine craving: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. | Sinha R et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Neurobiology of relapse to heroin and cocaine seeking: an update and clinical implications. | Bossert JM et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Prior multiple ethanol withdrawals enhance stress-induced anxiety-like behavior: inhibition by CRF1- and benzodiazepine-receptor antagonists and a 5-HT1a-receptor agonist. | Breese GR et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Promoting healthy choices: the importance of differentiating between ordinary and high risk cannabis use among high-school students. | Butters JE | β | 2005 | β |
| Regulation of drug taking by sensitization and habituation. | McSweeney FK et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Repeated maternal separation: differences in cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization in adult male and female mice. | Kikusui T et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Sex differences in brain activation during stress imagery in abstinent cocaine users: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. | Li CS et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Stress enhancement of craving during sobriety: a risk for relapse. | Breese GR et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Surgical and pharmacological suppression of glucocorticoids prevents the enhancement of morphine conditioned place preference by uncontrollable stress in rats. | Der-Avakian A et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| The contribution of drug history and time since termination of drug taking to footshock stress-induced cocaine seeking in rats. | Sorge RE et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| The role of central dopamine D3 receptors in drug addiction: a review of pharmacological evidence. | Heidbreder CA et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| The role of depression symptoms in predicting drug abstinence in outpatient substance abuse treatment. | Dodge R et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| The role of neuroadaptations in relapse to drug seeking. | Shaham Y et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Aggression and defeat: persistent effects on cocaine self-administration and gene expression in peptidergic and aminergic mesocorticolimbic circuits. | Miczek KA et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Arginine vasopressin and adrenocorticotropin secretion in response to psychosocial stress is attenuated by ethanol in sons of alcohol-dependent fathers. | Zimmermann U et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Blockade of mesolimbic dopamine D3 receptors inhibits stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking in rats. | Xi ZX et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Cocaine seeking over extended withdrawal periods in rats: time dependent increases of responding induced by heroin priming over the first 3 months. | Lu L et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Corticotropin-releasing factor overexpression decreases ethanol drinking and increases sensitivity to the sedative effects of ethanol. | Palmer AA et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Differential involvement of the core and shell subregions of the nucleus accumbens in conditioned cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats. | Fuchs RA et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Effect of ethanol on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system response to psychosocial stress in sons of alcohol-dependent fathers. | Zimmermann U et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Increased fear learning coincides with neuronal dysinhibition and facilitated LTP in the basolateral amygdala following benzodiazepine withdrawal in rats. | Isoardi NA et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Induction of deltaFosB in reward-related brain structures after chronic stress. | Perrotti LI et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Influence of handling or aversive stimulation during rats' neonatal or adolescence periods on oral cocaine self-administration and cocaine withdrawal. | Marquardt AR et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Integrative neurobiology of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome--from anxiety to seizures. | Faingold CL et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists modulate cue-induced reinstatement of ethanol-seeking behavior. | BΓ€ckstrΓΆm P et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Models of co-occurring substance misuse and psychosis: are personality traits the missing link? | Hides L et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Modulation of multiple ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior by CRF and CRF1 receptors. | Overstreet DH et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Negative affect and smoking lapses: a prospective analysis. | Shiffman S et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Neurobiologic processes in drug reward and addiction. | Adinoff B | β | 2004 | β |
| Pharmacological blockade of alpha2-adrenoceptors induces reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in squirrel monkeys. | Lee B et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Stress enables synaptic depression in CA1 synapses by acute and chronic morphine: possible mechanisms for corticosterone on opiate addiction. | Yang Y et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Stress-induced cigarette craving: effects of the DRD2 TaqI RFLP and SLC6A3 VNTR polymorphisms. | Erblich J et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Stress sensitization of ethanol withdrawal-induced reduction in social interaction: inhibition by CRF-1 and benzodiazepine receptor antagonists and a 5-HT1A-receptor agonist. | Breese GR et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| The anxiogenic drug yohimbine reinstates methamphetamine seeking in a rat model of drug relapse. | Shepard JD et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| The cystine-glutamate transporter in the accumbens: a novel role in cocaine relapse. | Lu L et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| A family history of smoking predicts heightened levels of stress-induced cigarette craving. | Erblich J et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Attenuation of relapse to cocaine seeking by dopamine D1 receptor agonists and antagonists in non-human primates. | Khroyan TV et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Basolateral amygdala modulation of the nucleus accumbens dopamine response to stress: role of the medial prefrontal cortex. | Stevenson CW et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Chronic neonatal isolation stress enhances cocaine-induced increases in ventral striatal dopamine levels in rat pups. | Kosten TA et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Conditioned stimulus-induced reinstatement of extinguished cocaine seeking in C57BL/6 mice: a mouse model of drug relapse. | Fuchs RA et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Contextual determinants of drug use risk behavior: a theoretic framework. | Galea S et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Effect of environmental stressors on opiate and psychostimulant reinforcement, reinstatement and discrimination in rats: a review. | Lu L et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Effects of acute social stress on alcohol consumption in healthy subjects. | de Wit H et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Effects of stress on responses to methamphetamine in humans. | SΓΆderpalm A et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympatho-adreno-medullary responses during stress-induced and drug cue-induced cocaine craving states. | Sinha R et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Psychosocial stress and the duration of cocaine use in non-treatment seeking individuals with cocaine dependence. | Karlsgodt KH et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Selective induction of c-Fos immunoreactivity in the prelimbic cortex during reinstatement of heroin seeking induced by acute food deprivation in rats. | Shalev U et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| The impact of stress on addiction. | Goeders NE | β | 2003 | β |
| The reinstatement model of drug relapse: history, methodology and major findings. | Shaham Y et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| The role of corticosterone in food deprivation-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in the rat. | Shalev U et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Family stressors and adolescent cannabis use: a pathway to problem use. | Butters JE | β | 2002 | β |
| Independent alcohol and tobacco effects on stress axis function. | Anthenelli RM et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in the median raphe nucleus in relapse to alcohol. | LΓͺ AD et al. | β | 2002 | β |