DRD4 and susceptibility to peer influence on alcohol use from adolescence to adulthood.
- Authors
- Mrug, Sylvie; Windle, Michael
- Year
- 2014
- Journal
- Drug and alcohol dependence
- PMID
- 25457740
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.10.009
- PMCID
- PMC4268151
BACKGROUND: The long allele of DRD4 is associated with greater susceptibility to peer influences on alcohol use in young adulthood, but it is unclear whether this increased susceptibility extends to other developmental periods. This study examined the interactive effects of DRD4 polymorphism and friends' alcohol use from adolescence to adulthood. METHODS: Participants (N = 340; 59% female; 98% White) reported on their own and their friends' alcohol use at four time points between mean ages 17 and 33. Autoregressive cross-lagged models evaluated reciprocal relationships between friends' alcohol use and participants' own alcohol use and frequency of heavy drinking over time. Multigroup modeling tested differences in model paths and covariances across high vs. low risk DRD4 polymorphisms. RESULTS: Alcohol use at age 33 was predicted by previous friends' alcohol use and correlated with current friends' alcohol use only for carriers of the DRD4 long allele. Regardless of DRD4 genotype, friends' alcohol use at age 17 predicted greater alcohol use and more frequent heavy drinking at age 23. Alcohol use and/or heavy drinking predicted greater friends' alcohol use at later time points for both genotype groups across adolescence and adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: The long allele of DRD4 is associated with increased susceptibility to peer influences on alcohol use in young adulthood, but not earlier in development. Adults with the long allele of DRD4 may benefit from interventions educating them about this risk and equipping them with strategies to reduce affiliations with and influence of drinking friends.
Autoregressive cross-lagged model of reciprocal relationships between alcohol use and friends' alcohol use.Note: Coefficients are standardized. Dashed lines are not significant. All paths are adjusted for sex, racial/ethnic minority status, and current age, family income, and marital status. Long – 1 or 2 long DRD4 alleles; Short – two short DRD 4 alleles.Alcohol use is measured as the log-transformed average number of ounces of ethanol consumed per day in the last month; friends' alcohol use is assessed as a percentage of close friends drinking alcoholic beverages at Wave 4 and as a percentage of close friends considered to be heavy drinkers at Waves 5-7.*p<.05; **p<.01; ***p<.001.
Heavy drinking friends at age 29 predict greater alcohol use at age 33 for those with high risk DRD4 genotype, but not those with low risk genotype.
Autoregressive cross-lagged model of reciprocal relationships between heavy drinking and friends' alcohol use.Note: Coefficients are standardized. Dashed lines are not significant. All paths are adjusted for sex, racial/ethnic minority status, and current age, family income, and marital status. Heavy drinking is measured as the long-transformed average number of days per month when the participant consumed 6 or more alcoholic drinks in a row in the last 6 months; friends' alcohol use is assessed as a percentage of close friends drinking alcoholic beverages at Wave 4 and as a percentage of close friends considered to be heavy drinkers at Waves 5-7.*p<.05; **p<.01; ***p<.001.
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