Alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in actively drinking alcoholics.
paper
Cited
Public
Unavailable
- Authors
- Wand, G S; Dobs, A S
- Year
- 1991
- Journal
- The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism
- PMID
- 2026749
- DOI
- 10.1210/jcem-72-6-1290
The impact of chronic alcohol abuse on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis was investigated in actively drinking, nondepressed alcoholics with no evidence of liver disease. Fourteen male alcoholics and 13 matched nonalcoholics were studied. Although alcoholics and controls had similar decrements in cortisol levels after metyrapone blockade, plasma ACTH and 11-deoxycortisol levels in alcoholics were 60% (P less than 0.05) and 40% (P less than 0.05), respectively, of control values. To further clarify defects in the HPA axis of the alcoholic group, each subject underwent a CRH stimulation test. Compared to control subjects, alcoholics had a significantly blunted plasma ACTH response to CRH stimulation (P less than 0.05). Timing of the peak plasma ACTH response was altered in alcoholics. Whereas all control subjects had a peak plasma ACTH response 30 min after CRH administration, 50% of alcoholics demonstrated a peak plasma ACTH response 60 min after CRH administration, and 50% demonstrated a peak plasma ACTH response 30 min after CRH. To determine if adrenal function was also impaired, alcoholics and controls underwent a standard (250 micrograms) and a submaximal (0.250 micrograms) Cortrosyn stimulation test. Controls demonstrated a significant cortisol response to both standard and low dose Cortrosyn. Although alcoholics had a cortisol response similar to that of controls after the standard dose of Cortrosyn, they did not have a statistically significant rise in cortisol after the submaximal dose of Cortrosyn. Twenty-four-hour urinary free cortisol levels were 2-fold higher in alcoholics compared to controls. In summary, although a subset of alcoholics demonstrated enhanced basal production of cortisol, most alcoholics had a blunted response to acute intervening stress, including CRH, low dose ACTH-(1-24), and metyrapone blockade. These data suggest that alcoholics have ethanol-induced HPA axis injury, resulting in an inappropriately reduced response to nonethanol-induced stress.
No figures extracted from this document.
No chunks — full text not yet ingested.
No entities extracted from this document yet.
No uploaded files.
Not in any collection.
No citations found.
In this knowledge base
External
| Title | Authors | Journal | Year | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proteomic analysis of central amygdala systems regulated by mifepristone in the context of alcohol dependence. | Lee SS et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| The Link between Alcohol Consumption and Kidney Injury. | Yokus B et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Early Life Stress and Substance Use Disorders: Underlying Neurobiology and Pathways to Adverse Outcomes. | Kirsch D et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Healthy lifestyle moderates the association between recent negative life events and depressive symptoms: a cross-sectional study. | Yang Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Laboratory and Real-World Experimental Approaches to Understanding Alcohol Relapse. | Milivojevic V et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Multiple chronic diseases and psychological distress among adults in the United States: the intersectionality of chronic diseases, race/ethnicity, immigration, sex, and insurance coverage. | Adzrago D et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Plasma metabolic profiles in alcohol use disorder: diagnostic role of arginine and emotional implications of N6-acetyl-lysine and succinic acid. | Cao G et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Recent Alcohol Use Influences Associations between Cortisol Levels and Negative Affect: The New Orleans Alcohol Use in HIV Study. | Fitzpatrick-Schmidt T et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Healthy lifestyle moderates the association between recent negative life events and depressive symptoms: a cross-sectional study | Yang Y et al. | — | 2024 | — |
| Alcohol-induced Cushing syndrome: report of eight cases and review of the literature. | Surani A et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Binge drinking is associated with higher cortisol and lower hippocampal and prefrontal gray matter volume: Prospective association with future alcohol intake. | Fan S et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Cues associated with repeated ethanol exposure facilitate the corticosterone response to ethanol and immunological challenges in adult male Sprague Dawley rats: implications for neuroimmune regulation. | Mondello JE et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Impact and Role of Hypothalamic Corticotropin Releasing Hormone Neurons in Withdrawal from Chronic Alcohol Consumption in Female and Male Mice. | Neira S et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Pregnenolone effects on provoked alcohol craving, anxiety, HPA axis, and autonomic arousal in individuals with alcohol use disorder. | Milivojevic V et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Therapeutics for Substance-Using Women: The Need to Elucidate Sex-Specific Targets for Better-Tailored Treatments. | Fox HC et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Central role of intestinal epithelial glucocorticoid receptor in alcohol- and corticosterone-induced gut permeability and systemic response. | Shukla PK et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Heart rate variability and subsequent psychological distress among family members of intensive care unit patients. | Harris BR et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Alterations in circadian rhythms following alcohol use: A systematic review. | Meyrel M et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Biological intersection of sex, age, and environment in the corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) system and alcohol. | Agoglia AE et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Chronic Ethanol Consumption Alters Glucocorticoid Receptor Isoform Expression in Stress Neurocircuits and Mesocorticolimbic Brain Regions of Alcohol-Preferring Rats. | Alhaddad H et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| The Mechanisms Underlying Autonomous Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Secretion in Cushing's Disease. | Fukuoka H et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| The physiological responses to acute stress in alcohol-dependent patients: A systematic review. | Chen K et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Assay-Specific Spurious ACTH Results Lead to Misdiagnosis, Unnecessary Testing, and Surgical Misadventure-A Case Series. | Greene LW et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Craving, cortisol and behavioral alcohol motivation responses to stress and alcohol cue contexts and discrete cues in binge and non-binge drinkers. | Blaine SK et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Drug-induced stress responses and addiction risk and relapse. | Wemm SE et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Intravenous administration of ghrelin increases serum cortisol and aldosterone concentrations in heavy-drinking alcohol-dependent individuals: Results from a double-blind, placebo-controlled human laboratory study. | Haass-Koffler CL et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Periconceptional ethanol exposure alters the stress axis in adult female but not male rat offspring. | Burgess DJ et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Advancing Pharmacotherapy Development from Preclinical Animal Studies. | Egli M | — | 2018 | → |
| Early life adversity diminishes the cortisol response to opioid blockade in women: Studies from the Family Health Patterns project. | Lovallo WR et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Effects of alcohol and psychostimulants on the vasopressin system: behavioral implications. | Godino A et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Naltrexone alters alcohol self-administration behaviors and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in a sex-dependent manner in rats. | Nieto SJ et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Adaptations in Basal and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal-Activated Deoxycorticosterone Responses Following Ethanol Self-administration in Cynomolgus Monkeys. | Jimenez VA et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| A Phase 2, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Randomized Trial Assessing the Efficacy of ABT-436, a Novel V1b Receptor Antagonist, for Alcohol Dependence. | Ryan ML et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| A role for the peripheral immune system in the development of alcohol use disorders? | de Timary P et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Differentiation of pathologic/neoplastic hypercortisolism (Cushing's syndrome) from physiologic/non-neoplastic hypercortisolism (formerly known as pseudo-Cushing's syndrome). | Findling JW et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Annual Research Review: On the developmental neuropsychology of substance use disorders. | Conrod PJ et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| An Update on CRF Mechanisms Underlying Alcohol Use Disorders and Dependence. | Quadros IM et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Convergent evidence from alcohol-dependent humans and rats for a hyperdopaminergic state in protracted abstinence. | Hirth N et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Magnocellular hypothalamic system and its interaction with the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. | Sivukhina EV et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Night workers with circadian misalignment are susceptible to alcohol-induced intestinal hyperpermeability with social drinking. | Swanson GR et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Oxytocin for the treatment of drug and alcohol use disorders. | Lee MR et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Alcohol and lithium have opposing effects on the period and phase of the behavioral free-running activity rhythm. | Nascimento NF et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Endophenotypes for Alcohol Use Disorder: An Update on the Field. | Salvatore JE et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Glucocorticoid receptor antagonism decreases alcohol seeking in alcohol-dependent individuals. | Vendruscolo LF et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Preclinical evidence implicating corticotropin-releasing factor signaling in ethanol consumption and neuroadaptation. | Phillips TJ et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Adrenal steroid hormones and ethanol self-administration in male rhesus macaques. | Helms CM et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Alcohol, stress hormones, and the prefrontal cortex: a proposed pathway to the dark side of addiction. | Lu YL et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Chronic alcohol consumption from adolescence-to-adulthood in mice--hypothalamic gene expression changes in the dilated cardiomyopathy signaling pathway. | Zou H et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Chronic psychosocial stress causes delayed extinction and exacerbates reinstatement of ethanol-induced conditioned place preference in mice. | Bahi A et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Coping motives for drinking affect stress reactivity but not alcohol consumption in a clinical laboratory setting. | Thomas SE et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Role of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor in mediating alcohol-induced activation of the rat hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. | Rivier C | — | 2014 | → |
| Alcohol impairs predation risk response and communication in zebrafish. | Oliveira TA et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Diurnal pituitary-adrenal activity during schedule-induced polydipsia of water and ethanol in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). | Helms CM et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Ethanol regulation of serum glucocorticoid kinase 1 expression in DBA2/J mouse prefrontal cortex. | Costin BN et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Fish oil supplementation reduces cortisol basal levels and perceived stress: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in abstinent alcoholics. | Barbadoro P et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Increased plasma corticosterone contributes to the development of alcoholic fatty liver in mice. | Sun X et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Modeling relapse situations in the human laboratory. | Sinha R | — | 2013 | → |
| Role of adrenal glucocorticoid signaling in prefrontal cortex gene expression and acute behavioral responses to ethanol. | Costin BN et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Stress system changes associated with marijuana dependence may increase craving for alcohol and cocaine. | Fox HC et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| A longitudinal analysis of circulating stress-related proteins and chronic ethanol self-administration in cynomolgus macaques. | Helms CM et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Clinical laboratory stressors used to study alcohol-stress relationships. | Thomas S et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Effects of alcohol dependence and withdrawal on stress responsiveness and alcohol consumption. | Becker HC | — | 2012 | → |
| How does stress lead to risk of alcohol relapse? | Sinha R | — | 2012 | → |
| Neuroticism, acculturation and the cortisol awakening response in Mexican American adults. | Mangold D et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Prazosin effects on stress- and cue-induced craving and stress response in alcohol-dependent individuals: preliminary findings. | Fox HC et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Prenatal ethanol exposure enhances NMDAR-dependent long-term potentiation in the adolescent female dentate gyrus. | Titterness AK et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Sex hormone activity in alcohol addiction: integrating organizational and activational effects. | Lenz B et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Stress and the HPA axis: role of glucocorticoids in alcohol dependence. | Stephens MA et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The effects of repeated corticosterone exposure on the interoceptive effects of alcohol in rats. | Besheer J et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Treatment of alcohol dependence with drug antagonists of the stress response. | Higley AE et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Chronic alcohol neuroadaptation and stress contribute to susceptibility for alcohol craving and relapse. | Breese GR et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Craving in response to stress induction in a human laboratory paradigm predicts treatment outcome in alcohol-dependent individuals. | Higley AE et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Effects of adrenal sensitivity, stress- and cue-induced craving, and anxiety on subsequent alcohol relapse and treatment outcomes. | Sinha R et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Effects of stress on alcohol drinking: a review of animal studies. | Becker HC et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Serum NPY and BNDF response to a behavioral stressor in alcohol-dependent and healthy control participants. | Meng D et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Synaptic and morphological neuroadaptations in the putamen associated with long-term, relapsing alcohol drinking in primates. | Cuzon Carlson VC et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| The cortisol awakening response predicts subclinical depressive symptomatology in Mexican American adults. | Mangold D et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| The limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the development of alcohol use disorders in youth. | Schepis TS et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Acculturation, childhood trauma and the cortisol awakening response in Mexican-American adults. | Mangold D et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Adrenocortical and pituitary glucocorticoid feedback in abstinent alcohol-dependent women. | Adinoff B et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Alcohol, inflammation, and gut-liver-brain interactions in tissue damage and disease development. | Wang HJ et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Role of innate and drug-induced dysregulation of brain stress and arousal systems in addiction: Focus on corticotropin-releasing factor, nociceptin/orphanin FQ, and orexin/hypocretin. | Martin-Fardon R et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Enhanced negative emotion and alcohol craving, and altered physiological responses following stress and cue exposure in alcohol dependent individuals. | Sinha R et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| From the brain to bad behaviour and back again: neurocognitive and psychobiological mechanisms of driving while impaired by alcohol. | Brown TG et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Hair cortisol predicts object permanence performance in infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). | Dettmer AM et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and smoking and drinking onset among adolescents: the longitudinal cohort TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS). | Huizink AC et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Increased perioculomotor urocortin 1 immunoreactivity in genetically selected alcohol preferring rats. | Fonareva I et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Is cortisol involved in the alcohol-related fat mass impairment? A longitudinal clinical study. | Leggio L et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Role of the HPA axis and the A118G polymorphism of the mu-opioid receptor in stress-induced drinking behavior. | Pratt WM et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Sex differences in drug-related stress-system changes: implications for treatment in substance-abusing women. | Fox HC et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Sex-specific dissociations in autonomic and HPA responses to stress and cues in alcohol-dependent patients with cocaine abuse. | Fox HC et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Stress-related neuropeptides and alcoholism: CRH, NPY, and beyond. | Ciccocioppo R et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| The role of neuroactive steroids in ethanol/stress interactions: proceedings of symposium VII at the Volterra conference on alcohol and stress, May 2008. | Morrow AL et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Understanding and treating alcohol craving and dependence: recent pharmacological and neuroendocrinological findings. | Leggio L | — | 2009 | → |
| Young Investigator Award symposium. | Witkiewitz K et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Alcohol dependence, withdrawal, and relapse. | Becker HC | — | 2008 | → |
| Alcohol self-administration acutely stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, but alcohol dependence leads to a dampened neuroendocrine state. | Richardson HN et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Chronic stress, drug use, and vulnerability to addiction. | Sinha R | — | 2008 | → |
| Differential hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activation of the neuroactive steroids pregnenolone sulfate and deoxycorticosterone in healthy controls and alcohol-dependent subjects. | Porcu P et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Family history of alcoholism does not influence adrenocortical hyporesponsiveness in abstinent alcohol-dependent men. | Hardin E et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Male hypogonadism in cirrhosis and after liver transplantation. | Foresta C et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone/cortisol response to physical exercise in abstinent alcoholic patients. | Coiro V et al. | — | 2007 | → |
| Cortisol awakening response in abstinent alcohol-dependent patients as a marker of HPA-axis dysfunction. | Junghanns K et al. | — | 2007 | → |
| Gamma-hydroxybutyrate reduces both withdrawal syndrome and hypercortisolism in severe abstinent alcoholics: an open study vs. diazepam. | Nava F et al. | — | 2007 | → |
| Organization and Integration of the Endocrine System. | Chrousos GP | — | 2007 | → |
| [Pseudo-Cushing states]. | Romanholi DJ et al. | — | 2007 | → |
| Remission and resurgence of anxiety-like behavior across protracted withdrawal stages in ethanol-dependent rats. | Zhao Y et al. | — | 2007 | → |
| Response of the HPA-axis to alcohol and stress as a function of alcohol dependence and family history of alcoholism. | Dai X et al. | — | 2007 | → |
| Alcohol use, urinary cortisol, and heart rate variability in apparently healthy men: Evidence for impaired inhibitory control of the HPA axis in heavy drinkers. | Thayer JF et al. | — | 2006 | → |
| Basis of the gabamimetic profile of ethanol. | Breese GR et al. | — | 2006 | → |
| Cortisol concentrations, stress-coping styles after withdrawal and long-term abstinence in alcohol dependence. | Walter M et al. | — | 2006 | → |
| Cortisol secretion patterns in addiction and addiction risk. | Lovallo WR | — | 2006 | → |
| How may stressful experiences contribute to the development of temporomandibular disorders? | Gameiro GH et al. | — | 2006 | → |
| Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis modulation of GABAergic neuroactive steroids influences ethanol sensitivity and drinking behavior. | Morrow AL et al. | — | 2006 | → |
| Links between depression and substance abuse in adolescents: neurobiological mechanisms. | Rao U | — | 2006 | → |
| Measuring craving: an attempt to connect subjective craving with cue reactivity. | Ooteman W et al. | — | 2006 | → |
| Plasma pregnenolone levels in cynomolgus monkeys following pharmacological challenges of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. | Porcu P et al. | — | 2006 | → |
| Responses of the steroid circadian system to alcohol in humans: Importance of the time and duration of intake. | Danel T et al. | — | 2006 | → |
| Tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene polymorphisms in rhesus monkeys: association with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function and in vitro gene expression. | Chen GL et al. | — | 2006 | → |
| Differences in the peripheral levels of beta-endorphin in response to alcohol and stress as a function of alcohol dependence and family history of alcoholism. | Dai X et al. | — | 2005 | → |
| Dissection of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis pathology in 1-month-abstinent alcohol-dependent men, part 1: adrenocortical and pituitary glucocorticoid responsiveness. | Adinoff B et al. | — | 2005 | → |
| Dissection of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis pathology in 1-month-abstinent alcohol-dependent men, part 2: response to ovine corticotropin-releasing factor and naloxone. | Adinoff B et al. | — | 2005 | → |
| Endocrinology of the stress response. | Charmandari E et al. | — | 2005 | → |
| Hormone responses to social stress in abstinent alcohol-dependent subjects and social drinkers with no history of alcohol dependence. | Munro CA et al. | — | 2005 | → |
| Levels and circadian rhythmicity of plasma ACTH, cortisol, and beta-endorphin as a function of family history of alcoholism. | Gianoulakis C et al. | — | 2005 | → |
| Suppression of the HPA axis stress-response: implications for relapse. | Adinoff B et al. | — | 2005 | → |
| Systemic ethanol administration elevates deoxycorticosterone levels and chronic ethanol exposure attenuates this response. | Khisti RT et al. | — | 2005 | → |
| The role of alcohol and steroid hormones in human aggression. | von der Pahlen B | — | 2005 | → |
| Alcoholism and neuro-immune-endocrine interactions: physiochemical aspects. | Haddad JJ | — | 2004 | → |
| Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in psychiatry: from stress to psychopathology. | Claes SJ | — | 2004 | → |
| Opioids and alcoholism. | Oswald LM et al. | — | 2004 | → |
| Stress and alcohol drinking. | Sillaber I et al. | — | 2004 | → |
| Advances in nonhuman primate alcohol abuse and alcoholism research. | Grant KA et al. | — | 2003 | → |
| Dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-glandular axes and relation to Child-Pugh classification in male patients with alcoholic and virus-related cirrhosis. | Zietz B et al. | — | 2003 | → |
| Effect of chronic alcohol consumption on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and pituitary beta-endorphin as a function of alcohol intake, age, and gender. | Gianoulakis C et al. | — | 2003 | → |
| Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system adaptation to detoxification in alcohol-dependent patients is affected by family history of alcoholism. | Zimmermann U et al. | — | 2003 | → |
| Increased salivary cortisol concentrations during chronic alcohol intoxication in a naturalistic clinical sample of men. | Adinoff B et al. | — | 2003 | → |
| Hormone responses to citalopram in abstinent alcohol dependent subjects. | Gotjen D et al. | — | 2002 | → |
| Personality, brain asymmetry, and neuroendocrine reactivity in two immune-mediated disorders: a preliminary report. | Martins JM et al. | — | 2002 | → |
| Alcohol intake, androgen and glucocorticoid steroids in premenopausal women using oral contraceptives: an interventional study. | Sarkola T et al. | — | 2001 | → |
| No effect of the cortisol-synthesis inhibitor metyrapone on alcohol drinking: a pilot study. | Eriksson M et al. | — | 2001 | → |
| Stress hormone dysregulation at rest and after serotonergic stimulation among alcohol-dependent men with extended abstinence and controls. | Anthenelli RM et al. | — | 2001 | → |
| Desmopressin and hexarelin tests in alcohol-induced pseudo-Cushing's syndrome. | Coiro V et al. | — | 2000 | → |
| Adrenocorticotropin responses to naloxone in sons of alcohol-dependent men. | Wand GS et al. | — | 1999 | → |
| Personality disorders in relation to anthropometric, endocrine and metabolic factors. | Rosmond R et al. | — | 1999 | → |
| Variable dose naltrexone-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stimulation in abstinent alcoholics: a preliminary study. | Farren CK et al. | — | 1999 | → |
| Relationships between the pituitary-adrenal hormones, insulin, and glucose in middle-aged men: moderating influence of psychosocial stress. | Keltikangas-Järvinen L et al. | — | 1998 | → |
| Clinical and biochemical evaluation of Cushing's syndrome. | Meier CA et al. | — | 1997 | → |
| Altered cortisol response in sober alcoholics: an examination of contributing factors. | Bernardy NC et al. | — | 1996 | → |
| An assessment of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning in non-depressed, early abstinent alcoholics. | Costa A et al. | — | 1996 | → |
| Type A behavior and vital exhaustion as related to the metabolic hormonal variables of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. | Keltikangas-Järvinen L et al. | — | 1996 | → |
| Alcohol, corticosteroids, energy utilization, and hippocampal endangerment. | Eskay RL et al. | — | 1995 | → |
| Chronic glucocorticoid excess and impaired osmoregulation of vasopressin release in dogs with hepatic encephalopathy. | Rothuizen J et al. | — | 1995 | → |
| Cortisol, corticotropin, and beta-endorphin responses to corticotropin-releasing hormone in patients with atopic eczema. | Rupprecht M et al. | — | 1995 | → |
| Hypercortisolism and obesity. | Peeke PM et al. | — | 1995 | → |
| Neuroendocrinology and pathophysiology of the stress system. | Stratakis CA et al. | — | 1995 | → |
| The effects of alcoholism on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: interaction with endogenous opioid peptides. | Inder WJ et al. | — | 1995 | → |
| Biochemical and radiologic diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. | Findling JW et al. | — | 1994 | → |
| Glucocorticoid action and the clinical features of Cushing's syndrome. | Yanovski JA et al. | — | 1994 | → |
| Physiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in health and dysregulation in psychiatric and autoimmune disorders. | Tsigos C et al. | — | 1994 | → |
| The role of psychological coronary risk factors in insulin and glucose metabolism. | Räikkönen K et al. | — | 1994 | → |
| Alcohol, glucose metabolism and diabetes. | Avogaro A et al. | — | 1993 | → |
| Altered adrenocorticotropin and cortisol secretion in abdominal obesity: implications for the insulin resistance syndrome. | Hautanen A et al. | — | 1993 | → |
| Hypothalamic amenorrhea: evidence for a central derangement of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex axis activity. | Nappi RE et al. | — | 1993 | → |
| The endocrinology of stress and stress system disorders in adolescence. | Dorn LD et al. | — | 1993 | → |
| Regulation and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The corticotropin-releasing hormone perspective. | Chrousos GP | — | 1992 | → |
| Specific and nonspecific effects of ethanol vapor on plasma corticosterone in mice. | Keith LD et al. | — | 1992 | → |