The flaws and human harms of animal experimentation.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Akhtar, Aysha
- Year
- 2015
- Journal
- Cambridge quarterly of healthcare ethics : CQ : the international journal of healthcare ethics committees
- PMID
- 26364776
- DOI
- 10.1017/S0963180115000079
- PMCID
- PMC4594046
Nonhuman animal ("animal") experimentation is typically defended by arguments that it is reliable, that animals provide sufficiently good models of human biology and diseases to yield relevant information, and that, consequently, its use provides major human health benefits. I demonstrate that a growing body of scientific literature critically assessing the validity of animal experimentation generally (and animal modeling specifically) raises important concerns about its reliability and predictive value for human outcomes and for understanding human physiology. The unreliability of animal experimentation across a wide range of areas undermines scientific arguments in favor of the practice. Additionally, I show how animal experimentation often significantly harms humans through misleading safety studies, potential abandonment of effective therapeutics, and direction of resources away from more effective testing methods. The resulting evidence suggests that the collective harms and costs to humans from animal experimentation outweigh potential benefits and that resources would be better invested in developing human-based testing methods.
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| Liver-spleen axis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. | Tarantino G et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| <sup>1</sup>H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: A Future Approach to the Metabolic Profiling of Psychedelics in Human Biofluids? | Vilca-Melendez S et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Material Risks of Homeopathic Medicinal Products: Regulatory Frameworks, Results of Preclinical Toxicology, and Clinical Meta-Analyses and Their Implications. | Habs M et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Organ-on-a-chip platforms for accelerating the evaluation of nanomedicine. | Chen X et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Reversed-engineered human alveolar lung-on-a-chip model. | Huang D et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| The laboratory rat: Age and body weight matter. | Ghasemi A et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Tissue-specific parameters for the design of ECM-mimetic biomaterials. | Tonti OR et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Toxicity of Combinations of Kinase Pathway Inhibitors to Normal Human Cells in a Three-Dimensional Culture. | Rafsanjani Nejad P et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Translational precision medicine: an industry perspective. | Hartl D et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| What's not in the news headlines or titles of Alzheimer disease articles? #InMice. | Triunfol M et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Zebrafish: A Promising Real-Time Model System for Nanotechnology-Mediated Neurospecific Drug Delivery. | Saleem S et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| 3D Cell Printing of Tissue/Organ-Mimicking Constructs for Therapeutic and Drug Testing Applications. | Kim J et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Accepting higher morbidity in exchange for sacrificing fewer animals in studies developing novel infection-control strategies. | Busscher HJ et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Are the Lives of Animals Well-spent in Laboratory Science Research? A Study of Orthopaedic Animal Studies in Turkey. | ΓztΓΌrk A et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Biomaterials and Culture Systems for Development of Organoid and Organ-on-a-Chip Models. | D'Costa K et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Decellularized tissues as platforms for in vitro modeling of healthy and diseased tissues. | McCrary MW et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Dehydration Impairs Physical Growth and Cognitive Development in Young Mice. | Kim CS et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Development of In Vitro Corneal Models: Opportunity for Pharmacological Testing. | Citi V et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Driver versus navigator causation in biology: the case of insulin and fasting glucose. | Diwekar-Joshi M et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Drug Discovery: Today and Tomorrow. | Flower DR | β | 2020 | β |
| Engineered Hydrogels for Brain Tumor Culture and Therapy. | Thakor J et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Feasibility of fresh frozen human cadavers as a research and training model for endovascular image guided interventions. | Jansen MM et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Importance of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses of Animal Studies: Challenges for Animal-to-Human Translation. | Bahadoran Z et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Induced Pluripotency: A Powerful Tool for In Vitro Modeling. | Zahumenska R et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Invited Commentary on "the translation of surgical animal models to human clinical research: A cross sectional study". | Raja SG | β | 2020 | β |
| Is it Time for Reviewer 3 to Request Human Organ Chip Experiments Instead of Animal Validation Studies? | Ingber DE | β | 2020 | β |
| Lung-on-a-chip: the future of respiratory disease models and pharmacological studies. | Shrestha J et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Medical research during the COVID-19 pandemic. | AlNaamani K et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Modeling alcohol-induced neurotoxicity using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived three-dimensional cerebral organoids. | Arzua T et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Organotypic Models to Study Human Glioblastoma: Studying the Beast in Its Ecosystem. | Pamies D et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Physical Characterization of Colorectal Cancer Spheroids and Evaluation of NK Cell Infiltration Through a Flow-Based Analysis. | Sargenti A et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Predictive Models for Human Organ Toxicity Based on <i>In Vitro</i> Bioactivity Data and Chemical Structure. | Xu T et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Publication and Citation Analysis of Medical Doctors' Residency Master's Theses Involving Animal Experiments on Rats in Turkey. | KinikoΔlu O et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| QSAR Use in REACH Analyses of Alternatives to Predict Human Health and Environmental Toxicity of Alternative Chemical Substances. | Chinen K et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Reevaluating Benefits in the Moral Justification of Animal Research: A Comment on "Necessary Conditions for Morally Responsible Animal Research". | Eggel M et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| The effects of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. whole fruit on the sex hormone profile in menopausal women: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. | Emaminia F et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| The Implementation of the Three Rs in Regulatory Toxicity and Biosafety Assessment: The Indian Perspective. | Pant AB | β | 2020 | β |
| The (in)adequacy of translational research in dentistry. | Faggion CM | β | 2020 | β |
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| 3D Printing Breast Tissue Models: A Review of Past Work and Directions for Future Work. | Cleversey C et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| A Human iPSC-derived 3D platform using primary brain cancer cells to study drug development and personalized medicine. | Plummer S et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| A human proximal tubule-on-a-chip to study renal disease and toxicity. | Sakolish CM et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| An Estimate of the Number of Animals Used for Scientific Purposes Worldwide in 2015. | Taylor K et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Animal Models and Animal Experimentation in the Development of Deep Brain Stimulation: From a Specific Controversy to a Multidimensional Debate. | Desmoulin-Canselier S et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| An in vitro chicken gut model for the assessment of phytase producing bacteria. | Priyodip P et al. | β | 2019 | β |
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| HDAC6 Modulates Signaling Pathways Relevant to Synaptic Biology and Neuronal Differentiation in Human Stem-Cell-Derived Neurons. | Iaconelli J et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Humanized Mouse Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis for Studies on Immunopathogenesis and Preclinical Testing of Cell-Based Therapies. | Schinnerling K et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Limitations of Animal Studies for Predicting Toxicity in Clinical Trials: Is it Time to Rethink Our Current Approach? | Van Norman GA | β | 2019 | β |
| Nanoformulated Zoledronic Acid Boosts the VΞ΄2 T Cell Immunotherapeutic Potential in Colorectal Cancer. | Di Mascolo D et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Rapid maturation of the hepatic cell line Huh7 via CDK inhibition for PXR dependent CYP450 metabolism and induction. | Bulutoglu B et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Recalcitrant Issues and New Frontiers in Nano-Pharmacology. | Bhardwaj V et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Somatosensory predictors of response to pregabalin in painful chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. | Hincker A et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Studying Human Neurological Disorders Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: From 2D Monolayer to 3D Organoid and Blood Brain Barrier Models. | Logan S et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| The Power of LC-MS Based Multiomics: Exploring Adipogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells. | Rampler E et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Thromboinflammation as bioactivity assessment of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-alkali modified titanium surfaces. | Hulsart-BillstrΓΆm G et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Time for a makeover-cosmetics regulation in the United States. | Cornell EM et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Translatability of the S7A core battery respiratory safety pharmacology studies: Preclinical respiratory and related clinical adverse events. | Paglialunga S et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Using human stem cells as a model system to understand the neural mechanisms of alcohol use disorders: Current status and outlook. | Scarnati MS et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Validation and stability analysis of a modified lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) test method to be employed for an <i>in vitro</i> viable skin model. | Bauhammer I et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| AF710B, an M1/sigma-1 receptor agonist with long-lasting disease-modifying properties in a transgenic rat model of Alzheimer's disease. | Hall H et al. | β | 2018 | β |
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| Effects of Rodent Thermoregulation on Animal Models in the Research Environment. | Hankenson FC et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Machine Learning Based Toxicity Prediction: From Chemical Structural Description to Transcriptome Analysis. | Wu Y et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Neuroprotective Effects of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Platelet-Derived Growth Factor on Human Retinal Ganglion Cells. | Osborne A et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Probing characteristics of cancer cells cultured on engineered platforms simulating different microenvironments. | Jo Y et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Reduction of Animal Sacrifice in Biomedical Science & Research through Alternative Design of Animal Experiments. | Rai J et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Study of melatonin-mediated effects on various hepatic inflammatory responses stimulated by IL-6 in a new HepG2-on-a-chip platform. | Jang M et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| The Human Vaccines Project: Towards a comprehensive understanding of the human immune response to immunization. | Wooden SL et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Thrombosis-on-a-chip: Prospective impact of microphysiological models of vascular thrombosis. | Pandian NKR et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Zoledronate Triggers VΞ΄2 T Cells to Destroy and Kill Spheroids of Colon Carcinoma: Quantitative Image Analysis of Three-Dimensional Cultures. | Varesano S et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| A Balanced Risk-Benefit Analysis to Determine Human Risks Associated with Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids (PA)-The Case of Tea and Herbal Infusions. | Habs M et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Air Quality Effects on Human Health and Approaches for Its Assessment through Microfluidic Chips. | Schulze F et al. | β | 2017 | β |
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| In vitro models as a platform to investigate traumatic brain injury. | Kumaria A | β | 2017 | β |
| Ionizing Radiation Alters Human Embryonic Stem Cell Properties and Differentiation Capacity by Diminishing the Expression of Activin Receptors. | Luft S et al. | β | 2017 | β |
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| The use of gatekeeping procedures in the statistical planning of animal experiments. | Mayer B et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| When Enough Is Enough: Decision Criteria for Moving a Known Drug into Clinical Testing for a New Indication in the Absence of Preclinical Efficacy Data. | Pulley JM et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| An Integrated Review of Psychological Stress in Parkinson's Disease: Biological Mechanisms and Symptom and Health Outcomes. | Austin KW et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Apolipoprotein A5 fifteen years anniversary: Lessons from genetic epidemiology. | Hubacek JA | β | 2016 | β |
| Lung-On-A-Chip Technologies for Disease Modeling and Drug Development. | Konar D et al. | β | 2016 | β |
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| The ethics of animal research: a survey of the public and scientists in North America. | Joffe AR et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| The light switch-off response as a putative rodent test of innate fear. | Saito VM et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| True alignment of preclinical and clinical research to enhance success in CNS drug development: a review of the current evidence. | Goetghebeur PJ et al. | β | 2016 | β |
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