Activity in human reward-sensitive brain areas is strongly context dependent.
paper
Cited
Public
Unavailable
- Authors
- Nieuwenhuis, Sander; Heslenfeld, Dirk J; von Geusau, Niels J Alting; Mars, Rogier B; Holroyd, Clay B; Yeung, Nick
- Year
- 2005
- Journal
- NeuroImage
- PMID
- 15945130
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.12.043
Functional neuroimaging research in humans has identified a number of brain areas that are activated by the delivery of primary and secondary reinforcers. The present study investigated how activity in these reward-sensitive regions is modulated by the context in which rewards and punishments are experienced. Fourteen healthy volunteers were scanned during the performance of a simple monetary gambling task that involved a "win" condition (in which the possible outcomes were a large monetary gain, a small gain, or no gain of money) and a "lose" condition (in which the possible outcomes were a large monetary loss, a small loss, or no loss of money). We observed reward-sensitive activity in a number of brain areas previously implicated in reward processing, including the striatum, prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate, and inferior parietal lobule. Critically, activity in these reward-sensitive areas was highly sensitive to the range of possible outcomes from which an outcome was selected. In particular, these regions were activated to a comparable degree by the best outcomes in each condition-a large gain in the win condition and no loss of money in the lose condition-despite the large difference in the objective value of these outcomes. In addition, some reward-sensitive brain areas showed a binary instead of graded sensitivity to the magnitude of the outcomes from each distribution. These results provide important evidence regarding the way in which the brain scales the motivational value of events by the context in which these events occur.
No figures extracted from this document.
No chunks β full text not yet ingested.
No entities extracted from this document yet.
No uploaded files.
Not in any collection.
No citations found.
In this knowledge base
External
| Title | Authors | Journal | Year | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age differences in socio-emotional feedback processing during learning: an ERP study. | Braunwarth JI et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Predicting alcohol consumption and reward sensitivity using responses for natural sucrose reward in non-food-restricted rats. | Shultz E et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Facial attractiveness influenced cooperative behavior in the Stag Hunt game: Evidence from neural electrophysiology. | Wang X et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Neural Mechanisms of Feedback Processing and Regulation Recalibration During Neurofeedback Training. | Pamplona GSP et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Pre-choice midbrain fluctuations affect self-control in food choice: A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. | SkaΕbania J et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Reward prediction-error promotes the neural encoding of episodic learning. | Liu F et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Targeting three United States priority populations of people who smoke with educational nicotine messages using curiosity-eliciting strategies. | Wang X et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Adaptive coding of reward in schizophrenia, its change over time and relationship to apathy. | Kaliuzhna M et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Feedback-related brain activity in individual decision: evidence from a gambling EEG study. | Jiang L et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Recent Opioid Use Impedes Range Adaptation in Reinforcement Learning in Human Addiction. | Gueguen MCM et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Adaptive coding of pain prediction error in the anterior insula. | Hoskin R et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Context-independent scaling of neural responses to task difficulty in the multiple-demand network. | Wen T et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Contextual valence influences the neural dynamics of time and magnitude representation during feedback evaluation. | Zheng Y et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Dorsal posterior cingulate cortex responds to negative feedback information supporting learning and relearning of response policies. | Wolff S et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Electrophysiological population dynamics reveal context dependencies during decision making in human frontal cortex. | Shih WY et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Electrophysiological signatures of inequity-dependent reward encoding in the human OFC. | Marciano D et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Intrinsic rewards explain context-sensitive valuation in reinforcement learning. | Molinaro G et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| The aversive value of pain in human decision-making. | Slimani H et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| The limits of motivational influence in ADHD: no evidence for an altered reaction to negative reinforcement. | Van Dessel J et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Training diversity promotes absolute-value-guided choice. | Solomyak L et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Electroencephalography (EEG) Reveals Increased Frontal Activity in Social Presence. | SoinΓ© A et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| In for a penny, in for a pound: examining motivated memory through the lens of retrieved context models. | Talmi D et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| No consistent startle modulation by reward. | Schutte I et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Punishments and rewards both modestly impair visuomotor memory retention. | Hamel R et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Satiety does not alter the ventral striatum's response to immediate reward in bulimia nervosa. | Bischoff-Grethe A et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Striatal activation to monetary reward is associated with alcohol reward sensitivity. | Radoman M et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Two sides of the same coin: Beneficial and detrimental consequences of range adaptation in human reinforcement learning. | Bavard S et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Basal ganglia lateralization in different types of reward. | Arsalidou M et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Behavioural Effects and Market Dynamics in Field and Laboratory Experimental Asset Markets. | Andraszewicz S et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Dorsal posterior cingulate cortex encodes the informational value of feedback in human-computer interaction. | Wolff S et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Outcome saliency modulates behavioral decision switching. | Sun S et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| The construction and deconstruction of sub-optimal preferences through range-adapting reinforcement learning | Bavard S et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| The Effect of Counterfactual Information on Outcome Value Coding in Medial Prefrontal and Cingulate Cortex: From an Absolute to a Relative Neural Code. | Pischedda D et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| The neural basis of feedback-guided behavioral adjustment. | Sun S et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| An Integrated Model of Action Selection: Distinct Modes of Cortical Control of Striatal Decision Making. | Sharpe MJ et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| How the depth of processing modulates emotional interference - evidence from EEG and pupil diameter data. | Schreiter ML et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Individual Neurons in the Cingulate Cortex Encode Action Monitoring, Not Selection, during Adaptive Decision-Making. | Li YS et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| The Controllability Hypothesis: Near-miss effect points to common neurological machinery in posterior parietal cortex for controllable objects and concepts. | Kruse I | β | 2019 | β |
| Added value of money on motor performance feedback: Increased left central beta-band power for rewards and fronto-central theta-band power for punishments. | Hamel R et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Altered reward learning and hippocampal connectivity following psychosocial stress. | Kruse O et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Calorie information and dieting status modulate reward and control activation during the evaluation of food images. | Courtney AL et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Context-Sensitive Computational Mechanisms of Decision Making. | Chawla M et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Effects of reward context on feedback processing as indexed by time-frequency analysis. | Watts ATM et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Motivational Influences on Performance Monitoring and Cognitive Control Across the Adult Lifespan. | Ferdinand NK et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Neural processing of food and monetary rewards is modulated by metabolic state. | Yousuf M et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| The anticipation and outcome phases of reward and loss processing: A neuroimaging meta-analysis of the monetary incentive delay task. | Oldham S et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| The influence of self-construals on the ERP response to the rewards for self and mother. | Zhu X et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Adaptive Value Normalization in the Prefrontal Cortex Is Reduced by Memory Load. | Holper L et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Dopamine Modulates Adaptive Prediction Error Coding in the Human Midbrain and Striatum. | Diederen KM et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Frontostriatal development and probabilistic reinforcement learning during adolescence. | DePasque S et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Individual Differences in Subjective Utility and Risk Preferences: The Influence of Hedonic Capacity and Trait Anxiety. | Howlett JR et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Modulation of ventral striatal activity by cognitive effort. | Dobryakova E et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Neural Habituation to Painful Stimuli Is Modulated by Dopamine: Evidence from a Pharmacological fMRI Study. | Bauch EM et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Reward Processing, Neuroeconomics, and Psychopathology. | Zald DH et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Striatum on the anxiety map: Small detours into adolescence. | Lago T et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Why Do Irrelevant Alternatives Matter? An fMRI-TMS Study of Context-Dependent Preferences. | Chung HK et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Abnormal Frontostriatal Activity During Unexpected Reward Receipt in Depression and Schizophrenia: Relationship to Anhedonia. | Segarra N et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Adaptive Prediction Error Coding in the Human Midbrain and Striatum Facilitates Behavioral Adaptation and Learning Efficiency. | Diederen KM et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Binary sensitivity of theta activity for gain and loss when monitoring parametric prediction errors. | Janssen DJ et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Deficits in context-dependent adaptive coding of reward in schizophrenia. | Kirschner M et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Neural Activities Underlying the Feedback Express Salience Prediction Errors for Appetitive and Aversive Stimuli. | Gu Y et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Partial Adaptation of Obtained and Observed Value Signals Preserves Information about Gains and Losses. | Burke CJ et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Randomised prior feedback modulates neural signals of outcome monitoring. | Mushtaq F et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Representing the consequences of our actions trial by trial: Complex and flexible encoding of feedback valence and magnitude. | PadrΓ³n I et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Reward Sensitivity Enhances Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex Activation during Free Choice. | Cho C et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Striatal Associative Learning Signals Are Tuned to In-groups. | Powers KE et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| The better, the bigger: The effect of graded positive performance feedback on the reward positivity. | FrΓΆmer R et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| The Value of Being Wrong: Intermittent Feedback Delivery Alters the Striatal Response to Negative Feedback. | Lempert KM et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| A common currency for the computation of motivational values in the human striatum. | Sescousse G et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Contextual modulation of value signals in reward and punishment learning. | Palminteri S et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Converging structural and functional connectivity of orbitofrontal, dorsolateral prefrontal, and posterior parietal cortex in the human striatum. | Jarbo K et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Cumulative gains enhance striatal response to reward opportunities in alcohol-dependent patients. | Gilman JM et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Dissociating pathomechanisms of depression with fMRI: bottom-up or top-down dysfunctions of the reward system. | Goya-Maldonado R et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Distinct neural representations of placebo and nocebo effects. | Freeman S et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Effects of intrinsic motivation on feedback processing during learning. | DePasque S et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Frequency-Dependent Representation of Reinforcement-Related Information in the Human Medial and Lateral Prefrontal Cortex. | Smith EH et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Influence of neurobehavioral incentive valence and magnitude on alcohol drinking behavior. | Joseph JE et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Neural correlates of outcome processing post dishonest choice: an fMRI and ERP study. | Sun D et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Reward processing deficits and impulsivity in high-risk offspring of alcoholics: A study of event-related potentials during a monetary gambling task. | Kamarajan C et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Striatal and Pallidal Activation during Reward Modulated Movement Using a Translational Paradigm. | Bischoff-Grethe A et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| The role of prediction and outcomes in adaptive cognitive control. | Schiffer AM et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| The role of visual processing in motor learning and control: Insights from electroencephalography. | Krigolson OE et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| To bet or not to bet? The coding of bets modulates brain potentials in outcome evaluations. | Liu Y et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Chronic exposure to a gambling-like schedule of reward predictive stimuli can promote sensitization to amphetamine in rats. | Zack M et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| EEG activity represents the correctness of perceptual decisions trial-by-trial. | Pardo-Vazquez JL et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Effects of reward contingencies on brain activation during feedback processing. | Jiang Y et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Lasting impact of regret and gratification on resting brain activity and its relation to depressive traits. | Eryilmaz H et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Neural evidence for description dependent reward processing in the framing effect. | Yu R et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Relative valuation of pain in human orbitofrontal cortex. | Winston JS et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Reward in the mirror neuron system, social context, and the implications on psychopathology. | Brown EC et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| The value of numbers in economic rewards. | Kanayet FJ et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Ambivalence about smoking and cue-elicited neural activity in quitting-motivated smokers faced with an opportunity to smoke. | Wilson SJ et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| A nickel ain't worth a dime anymore: the illusion of money and the rapid encoding of its true value. | Yu R et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Cerebral correlates of salient prediction error for different rewards and punishments. | Metereau E et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Decision-Making Dysfunctions of Counterfactuals in Depression: Who Might I have Been? | Howlett JR et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Fronto-striatal dysregulation in drug addiction and pathological gambling: Consistent inconsistencies? | Limbrick-Oldfield EH et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Modulation of working memory function by motivation through loss-aversion. | Krawczyk DC et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Neural sensitivity to absolute and relative anticipated reward in adolescents. | Vaidya JG et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Processing of primary and secondary rewards: a quantitative meta-analysis and review of human functional neuroimaging studies. | Sescousse G et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Social competition factor influences the neural response to rewards: an ERP study. | Zeng J et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| The centre of the brain: topographical model of motor, cognitive, affective, and somatosensory functions of the basal ganglia. | Arsalidou M et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| The expected value of control: an integrative theory of anterior cingulate cortex function. | Shenhav A et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| The feedback negativity reflects favorable compared to nonfavorable outcomes based on global, not local, alternatives. | Kujawa A et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| The importance of context: when relative relief renders pain pleasant. | Leknes S et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| The neural basis of responsibility attribution in decision-making. | Li P et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| To conform or not to conform: spontaneous conformity diminishes the sensitivity to monetary outcomes. | Yu R et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Understanding decision neuroscience: a multidisciplinary perspective and neural substrates. | Miyapuram KP et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Value representations by rank order in a distributed network of varying context dependency. | Mullett TL et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Adaptive coding of reward prediction errors is gated by striatal coupling. | Park SQ et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Feedback-related negativity encodes outcome uncertainty in the gain domain but not in the loss domain. | Deng Z et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Feedback-related potentials are sensitive to sequential order of decision outcomes in a gambling task. | Osinsky R et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Information content and reward processing in the human striatum during performance of a declarative memory task. | Tricomi E et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Learning from experience: event-related potential correlates of reward processing, neural adaptation, and behavioral choice. | Walsh MM et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Mesolimbic recruitment by nondrug rewards in detoxified alcoholics: effort anticipation, reward anticipation, and reward delivery. | Bjork JM et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Negative symptoms and the failure to represent the expected reward value of actions: behavioral and computational modeling evidence. | Gold JM et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Neural correlates of time versus money in product evaluation. | Lehmann S et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Neural responses to advantageous and disadvantageous inequity. | Fliessbach K et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| The role of prediction in social neuroscience. | Brown EC et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| The role of the human ventral striatum and the medial orbitofrontal cortex in the representation of reward magnitude - an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies of passive reward expectancy and outcome processing. | Diekhof EK et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Topography, power, and current source density of ΞΈ oscillations during reward processing as markers for alcohol dependence. | Kamarajan C et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Value normalization in decision making: theory and evidence. | Rangel A et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Age, sex and individual differences in punishment sensitivity: factors influencing the feedback-related negativity. | Santesso DL et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Common and distinct networks underlying reward valence and processing stages: a meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. | Liu X et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Different functions in the cingulate cortex, a meta-analytic connectivity modeling study. | Torta DM et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Differential magnitude coding of gains and omitted rewards in the ventral striatum. | Pedroni A et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Does the brain calculate value? | Vlaev I et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Electroencephalographic topography measures of experienced utility. | Pedroni A et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Event-related potential activity in the basal ganglia differentiates rewards from nonrewards: temporospatial principal components analysis and source localization of the feedback negativity. | Foti D et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Failing where others have succeeded: Medial Frontal Negativity tracks failure in a social context. | Boksem MA et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Human avoidance and approach learning: evidence for overlapping neural systems and experiential avoidance modulation of avoidance neurocircuitry. | Schlund MW et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Imaging brain response to reward in addictive disorders. | Hommer DW et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Neuronal signals for reward risk in frontal cortex. | Schultz W et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Potential vulnerabilities of neuronal reward, risk, and decision mechanisms to addictive drugs. | Schultz W | β | 2011 | β |
| Sleep deprivation alters valuation signals in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. | Libedinsky C et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| The processes leading to deception: ERP spatiotemporal principal component analysis and source analysis. | Sun SY et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Uncertainty and cognitive control. | Mushtaq F et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Woulda, coulda, shoulda: the evaluation and the impact of the alternative outcome. | Gu R et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| A common mechanism for adaptive scaling of reward and novelty. | Bunzeck N et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| An "as soon as possible" effect in human intertemporal decision making: behavioral evidence and neural mechanisms. | Kable JW et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Contextual novelty changes reward representations in the striatum. | Guitart-Masip M et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Dysfunctional reward processing in male alcoholics: an ERP study during a gambling task. | Kamarajan C et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Electrophysiological changes during adolescence: a review. | Segalowitz SJ et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| How the opinion of others affects our valuation of objects. | Campbell-Meiklejohn DK et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Insula and striatum mediate the default bias. | Yu R et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Neural evidence for inequality-averse social preferences. | Tricomi E et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Striatal sensitivity to personal responsibility in a regret-based decision-making task. | Camille N et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| The impact of social comparison on the neural substrates of reward processing: an event-related potential study. | Qiu J et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| The reward circuit: linking primate anatomy and human imaging. | Haber SN et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Altered impulse control in alcohol dependence: neural measures of stop signal performance. | Li CS et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Available alternative incentives modulate anticipatory nucleus accumbens activation. | Cooper JC et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Brain activation to favorite music in healthy controls and depressed patients. | Osuch EA et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Brain signatures of monetary loss and gain: outcome-related potentials in a single outcome gambling task. | Kamarajan C et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Gambling near-misses enhance motivation to gamble and recruit win-related brain circuitry. | Clark L et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Representation of negative motivational value in the primate lateral habenula. | Matsumoto M et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Reward networks in the brain as captured by connectivity measures. | Camara E et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Right ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices mediate adaptive decisions under ambiguity by integrating choice utility and outcome evaluation. | Christakou A et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| The influence of context valence in the neural coding of monetary outcomes. | Hardin MG et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| The influence of feedback valence in associative learning. | Bischoff-Grethe A et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| The neural consequences of flip-flopping: the feedback-related negativity and salience of reward prediction. | Moser JS et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| The neurobiology of reference-dependent value computation. | De Martino B et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| The price of pain and the value of suffering. | Vlaev I et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Anchors, scales and the relative coding of value in the brain. | Seymour B et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Blocking central opiate function modulates hedonic impact and anterior cingulate response to rewards and losses. | Petrovic P et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Effect of smoking opportunity on responses to monetary gain and loss in the caudate nucleus. | Wilson SJ et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Feedback signals in the caudate reflect goal achievement on a declarative memory task. | Tricomi E et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Medial orbitofrontal cortex codes relative rather than absolute value of financial rewards in humans. | Elliott R et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Processing of social and monetary rewards in the human striatum. | Izuma K et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Reward-related processing in the human brain: developmental considerations. | Fareri DS et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Source preference and ambiguity aversion: models and evidence from behavioral and neuroimaging experiments. | Chew SH et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Striatal outcome processing in healthy aging. | Cox KM et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Striatal sensitivity to reward deliveries and omissions in substance dependent patients. | Bjork JM et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| The neural correlates of reward-related trial-and-error learning: an fMRI study with a probabilistic learning task. | Koch K et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Theta oscillations during the processing of monetary loss and gain: a perspective on gender and impulsivity. | Kamarajan C et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Understanding overbidding: using the neural circuitry of reward to design economic auctions. | Delgado MR et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Valence and salience contribute to nucleus accumbens activation. | Cooper JC et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Differential encoding of losses and gains in the human striatum. | Seymour B et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Functional dissociation in frontal and striatal areas for processing of positive and negative reward information. | Liu X et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Integration of cognitive and motivational context information in the primate prefrontal cortex. | Watanabe M et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| It's worse than you thought: the feedback negativity and violations of reward prediction in gambling tasks. | Hajcak G et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Learning by doing: an fMRI study of feedback-related brain activations. | Marco-PallarΓ©s J et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Probing human and monkey anterior cingulate cortex in variable environments. | Walton ME et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Reward-related responses in the human striatum. | Delgado MR | β | 2007 | β |
| Social comparison affects reward-related brain activity in the human ventral striatum. | Fliessbach K et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| The neural basis of risky decision-making in a blackjack task. | Yang J et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| The neural correlates of subjective value during intertemporal choice. | Kable JW et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| The neurobiology of punishment. | Seymour B et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Medial frontal cortex activity and loss-related responses to errors. | Taylor SF et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| The good, the bad and the neutral: electrophysiological responses to feedback stimuli. | Holroyd CB et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Knowing good from bad: differential activation of human cortical areas by positive and negative outcomes. | Nieuwenhuis S et al. | β | 2005 | β |