Towards measuring brain function on groups of people in the real world.
- Authors
- Gevins, Alan; Chan, Cynthia S; Sam-Vargas, Lita
- Year
- 2012
- Journal
- PloS one
- PMID
- 22957099
- DOI
- 10.1371/journal.pone.0044676
- PMCID
- PMC3434184
In three studies, EEGs from three groups of participants were recorded during progressively more real world situations after drinking alcoholic beverages that brought breath alcohol contents near the limit for driving in California 30 minutes after drinking. A simple equation that measured neurophysiological effects of alcohol in the first group of 15 participants performing repetitive cognitive tasks was applied to a second group of 15 operating an automobile driving simulator, and to a third group of 10 ambulatory people recorded simultaneously during a cocktail party. The equation derived from the first group quantified alcohol's effect by combining measures of higher frequency (beta) and lower frequency (theta) power into a single score. It produced an Area Under the Receiver Operator Characteristic Curve of .73 (p<.05; 67% sensitivity in recognizing alcohol and 87% specificity in recognizing placebo). Applying the same equation to the second group operating the driving simulator, AUC was .95, (p<.0001; 93% sensitivity and 73% specificity), while for the cocktail party group AUC was .87 (p<.01; 80% sensitivity and 80% specificity). EEG scores were significantly related to breath alcohol content in all studies. Some individuals differed markedly from the overall response evident in their respective groups. The feasibility of measuring the neurophysiological effect of a psychoactive substance from an entire group of ambulatory people at a cocktail party suggests that future studies may be able to fruitfully apply brain function measures derived under rigorously controlled laboratory conditions to assess drug effects on groups of people interacting in real world situations.
EEGs of ten ambulatory participants simultaneously measured during a cocktail party.EEGs were recorded and transmitted to PCs while the partiers chatted, ate sushi and hors d'oeuvres and drank vodka martinis or vodka and cranberry cocktails according to their personal inclinations. Participants also measured breath alcohol contents, took photos and checked the data collection (lower photos). The six participants shown in photos have given written informed consent, as outlined in the PLoS consent form, to publication of their photograph.
Mean power values for the six candidate EEG variables. Means over participants of EEG power and within-participant standard deviation of power in theta, alpha and beta bands for alcohol (dark bars) and placebo or pre-ingestion (light bars) conditions for the three studies. These variables were not affected by alcohol in (A) Study 1 (p>.05), but were in (B) Study 2 (p<.01) and (C) Study 3 (p<.01); the four alpha and beta variables increased with alcohol in Study 3 (p’s<.05). In an exploratory analysis of Study 1, the divergence analysis selected beta and theta band power from the group of six, and weighted and combined them in a simple equation that recognized alcohol’s EEG effect. That equation was then applied to the different groups of participants in Studies 2 and 3. Error bars are standard deviation.
Individual responses for the 40 participants in the three studies.(A) Study 1, repetitive cognitive tasks, (B) Study 2, automobile driving simulator, and (C) Study 3, cocktail party. Left scale: EEG scores after drinking alcohol (dark solid bars) and placebo/pre-drinking (light stippled bars) conditions. Right scale (inverted): Breath Alcohol Contents (BACs – dots). The EEG scores were computed by applying the equation from Study 1 to each of the 40 participants. The leftmost two bars and dots in each panel show the average scores (with standard error bars) for the respective group. The EEG scores were significantly related to BAC in all 3 studies. Although the alcohol condition had lower EEG scores than the placebo/pre-drinking condition for the groups as a whole, there were considerable individual differences.
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