Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Liddelow, Shane A; Guttenplan, Kevin A; Clarke, Laura E; Bennett, Frederick C; Bohlen, Christopher J; Schirmer, Lucas; Bennett, Mariko L; Münch, Alexandra E; Chung, Won-Suk; Peterson, Todd C; Wilton, Daniel K; Frouin, Arnaud; Napier, Brooke A; Panicker, Nikhil; Kumar, Manoj; Buckwalter, Marion S; Rowitch, David H; Dawson, Valina L; Dawson, Ted M; Stevens, Beth; Barres, Ben A
- Year
- 2017
- Journal
- Nature
- PMID
- 28099414
- DOI
- 10.1038/nature21029
- PMCID
- PMC5404890
Reactive astrocytes are strongly induced by central nervous system (CNS) injury and disease, but their role is poorly understood. Here we show that a subtype of reactive astrocytes, which we termed A1, is induced by classically activated neuroinflammatory microglia. We show that activated microglia induce A1 astrocytes by secreting Il-1α, TNF and C1q, and that these cytokines together are necessary and sufficient to induce A1 astrocytes. A1 astrocytes lose the ability to promote neuronal survival, outgrowth, synaptogenesis and phagocytosis, and induce the death of neurons and oligodendrocytes. Death of axotomized CNS neurons in vivo is prevented when the formation of A1 astrocytes is blocked. Finally, we show that A1 astrocytes are abundant in various human neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's, Huntington's and Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. Taken together these findings help to explain why CNS neurons die after axotomy, strongly suggest that A1 astrocytes contribute to the death of neurons and oligodendrocytes in neurodegenerative disorders, and provide opportunities for the development of new treatments for these diseases.
Csf1r−/− mice lack microglia and have no compensatory increase in brain myeloid cell populations after LPS or vehicle control injectionsa–c, gating strategy (live, single cells) for subsequent analysis of surface protein immunostainng. d,e, gating strategy for TMEM119+ (microglia) and CD45L°CD11b+ cells used for further analysis. f–h, representative plots showing abundant macrophage populations in P8 WT mice: CD45L° TMEM119+/TMEM119-, and CD45HI brain macrophages (f), CD11B+/CD45L° and CD11B+/CD45HI cells after saline (g) and LPS (h) injection. i, representative plots showing near-complete absence of brain macrophages in Csf1r−/− mice: CD45L° TMEM119-/TMEM119-, and CD45HI brain macrophages (i), CD11B+/CD45L° and CD11B+/CD45HI cells after saline (j) and LPS (k) injection. l, relative abundance of CD11B+/CD45L° macrophages after LPS or control injection in WT compared to Csf1r−/− mice, expressed as percent of total gated events shown in a. m, relative abundance of CD11B+/CD45HI cells after LPS treatment, normalized to saline control injection in WT and Csf1r−/− animals. N = 3 individual animals per treatment condition and genotype, error bars expressed as s.e.m. * p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA (l); p = 0.77, Student’s T-test (m), compared to age-matched wild type control.
LLM interpretation
This figure consists of flow cytometry gating strategies and representative scatter plots (a–k) alongside two bar charts (l, m) comparing brain myeloid cell populations in WT and $Csf1r^{-/-}$ mice. The scatter plots show a near-complete absence of $\text{CD}11\text{b}^+/\text{CD}45^{\text{lo}}$ and $\text{CD}45^{\text{hi}}$ cells in $Csf1r^{-/-}$ mice compared to WT, regardless of saline or LPS treatment. Bar chart (l) shows a significant reduction in $\text{CD}45^{\text{lo}}\text{CD}11\text{b}^+$ cells in $Csf1r^{-/-}$ mice ($p < 0.05$), while bar chart (m) indicates no significant difference ($p = 0.77$) in the relative abundance of $\text{CD}45^{\text{hi}}\text{CD}11\text{b}^+$ cells after LPS treatment between genotypes.
A1 reactive astrocytes inhibit oligodendrocyte precursor cell proliferation, differentiation and migrationa, Number of cells counted from phase-contrasted images of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) treated with control and A1 reactive conditioned media (ACM). b, EdU ClickIt® assay determined growth of OPCs treated with increasing concentration of control and A1 ACM for 7 days. Both a and b show A1 ACM decreases OPC proliferation compared to control. c, d, Representative images of tracked OPC migration following treatment with control (c) and A1 (d) ACM, quantified in e. N = 100 cells from 10 separate experiments. f–h, Representative RT-PCR ethidium bromide gel showing no increase in mature OL marker Mbp transcript in OPCs treated with A1 ACM, with no change in OPC marker Pdgfra and Cspg4 expression – evidence of a lack of differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes. Treatment of OPCs with control ACM did not delay their differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes. N = 2. i–k, Total number of terminal process of oligodendrocyte lineage cells were counted as a measure of differentiation. Over 90% of cells differentiated by 24 h after removal of PDGFα when treated with control ACM (i). In contrast, treatment with a single dose (j) or daily doses (k) of A1 ACM delayed this level of differentiation by 72 h following a single dose, or indefinitely with chronic treatment. N = 6 separate experiments. l, representative phase images and time scale for oligodendrocyte differentiation assay (treated with control ACM). Scale bar: 100 μm (c,d), 25 μm (l). * p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA, except panel e (Student’s t-test). Error bars indicate s.e.m.
LLM interpretation
This multi-panel figure evaluates the effect of A1 reactive astrocyte conditioned media (ACM) on oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Bar charts (a, b, e) and quantification plots (i, j, k) show that A1 ACM significantly decreases OPC proliferation, migration distance, and the rate of differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes compared to control ACM. RT-PCR gels and corresponding bar graphs (f, g, h) indicate a lack of increase in the mature marker *Mbp* and no change in OPC markers *Pdgfra* and *Cspg4* following A1 ACM treatment. Statistical significance is indicated by asterisks (* p < 0.05) for proliferation and migration data.
Activation of microglia following lipopolysaccharide injection in knockout miceMice from single global knock-outs of Il-1α (a), TNFα (b), and C1q (c) were treated with lipopolysaccharide (5 mg/kg, i.p.) and microglia collected 24 h later. Single knock-out animals still showed upregulation of many markers of microglial activation, as determined by qPCR. N = 3 for Il-1α and C1q, N = 5 for TNFα. d, quantitative PCR for microglia-derived A1-inducing molecules in the optic nerve of mice that received an optic nerve crush. Following crush, optic nerve contained neuroinflammatory microglia, while injection of A1 astrocyte-neutralizing antibodies into the vitreous of the eye did not decrease microglial activation (however it did halt A1 astrocyte activation in the retina – see Fig. 4). Error bars indicate s.e.m. * p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA.
LLM interpretation
This figure consists of four bar charts (a-d) showing qPCR fold change of various markers in microglia. Panels a, b, and c compare wild-type (WT) mice to single knock-outs of $Il\text{-}1\alpha$, $TNF\alpha$, and $C1q$ following LPS injection, showing that upregulation of most activation markers persists across all genotypes. Panel d compares optic nerve crush (ONC) conditions, showing that while ONC significantly increases $Il\text{-}1\alpha$, $TNF\alpha$, and $C1q$ expression compared to no-crush controls (* p < 0.05), the administration of neutralizing antibodies does not significantly decrease this microglial activation.
Single cell analysis of C3 expression following neuroinflammatory and ischemic injurya, cassettes of PAN-, A1-, and A2-specific gene transcripts used to determine polarization state of astrocyte reactivity. Upregulation of combinations of each of these cassettes of genes produces different 8 possible gene profiles for astrocytes following injury. b, 24 hours following LPS-induced systemic neuroinflammation, astrocytes were either non-reactive (no reactive genes upregulated), or fell into three forms of reactivity – all with A1 reactive cassette genes upregulated. Numbers in parenthesis state what percentage of individual cells for each subtype express C3. c, 24 hours following middle cerebral artery occlusion, both neuroinflammatory (A1 and A1-like) and ischemic (A2 and A2-like) reactive cells were detected. No cells expressing A2 cassette transcripts were C3 positive – validating C3 as an appropriate marker for visualizing A1 reactive astrocytes in disease. Segments of piecharts represent relative amounts of each subtype of astrocyte (control or reactive).
LLM interpretation
This figure consists of a Venn diagram illustrating eight possible astrocyte gene profiles based on PAN-, A1-, and A2-specific transcript cassettes, and two pie charts showing astrocyte subtypes following LPS injection (b) and MCAO (c). The pie charts indicate the relative proportions of reactive astrocyte subtypes and the percentage of cells within those subtypes expressing C3. Accompanying bar graphs show the fold change of the three gene cassettes for specific cell populations, demonstrating that C3 expression correlates with A1-type reactivity and is absent in A2-containing cells.
Additional markers for reactive astrocytes in human multiple sclerosis post mortem tissue samplesa, (same data as Fig. 5o–v – provided again here for comparison) Immunofluorescent staining showing C3 co-localized with GFAP in cell bodies of reactive astrocytes in acute MS lesions (red arrows). Note presence of A1-specific GFAP+ reactive astrocytes (C3+, CFB+, MX1+; red arrows) in close proximity to CD68+ phagocytes (activated microglia, macrophages; yellow arrowheads); A1-specific astrocytes are predominantly seen in high CD68+ density areas. C3-GFAP+ astrocyte (white arrow). Single channels and higher magnification are of selected area in a. Number of C3+GFAP+ colabelled cells is quantified and was highest in acute active demyelinating lesions, however they were still present in chronic active and inactive lesions. There was also a matching increase in C3 transcript in brains of patients with acute active demyelinating lesions compared to age-matched controls. Additional markers of A1 reactive astrocytes include complement factor B (CFB, b), and myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance gene MX dynamin Like GTPase 1 (MX1, c). Both CFB and MX1 co-localised 100% with C3, and were found in close association with CD68+ reactive microglia (yellow arrowheads). d, a single marker was found for A2 (ischemic) reactive astrocytes – S100 calcium-binding protein A10 (S100A10). S100A10 positive, GFAP colabelled astrocytes (red arrows) were only faintly labelled, and total numbers were very low. Note presence of A2-specific GFAP+ reactive astrocytes (S100A10; red arrows) in low CD68+ density areas (phagocytes; yellow arrowheads). The expression levels of S100a10, determined by qPCR, was not significantly altered at different stages of MS. N=3–8 disease and 5–8 control in each instance. Quantification was carried out on 5 fields of view and approximately 50 cells were surveyed per sample. Scale bar: 100 μm (a, b, c, d), 20 μm (enlarged inserts). Error bars indicate s.e.m. * p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA, compared to age-matched control. Abbreviations: FC, fold change; WM, white matter.
LLM interpretation
This figure consists of immunofluorescence microscopy images and corresponding bar charts analyzing reactive astrocyte markers in human multiple sclerosis (MS) tissue. Panels a, b, and c show co-localization of GFAP (green) with A1 markers C3, CFB, and MX1 (red) in proximity to CD68+ phagocytes (white), while panel d shows the A2 marker S100A10. Accompanying bar charts quantify C3+GFAP+ cell density and transcript fold change, showing a significant increase (*p < 0.05) in acute active demyelinating lesions compared to controls, whereas S100A10 expression shows no significant difference (n.s.) across MS stages.
Serum-free culture model for A1 reactive astrocytesa, Heat map of reactive transcripts. Csf1r−/− mice (which lack microglia) fail to produce A1 astrocytes following LPS injection. LPS-activated microglia, or a combination of Il-1α, TNFα, and C1q are able to induce A1s in culture. b, Cytokine array analysis of LPS-activated microglia conditioned media (MCM) with increases in Il-1α, Il-1β and TNFα (Il-1β was not A1-specific). c, Western blot analysis of LPS-activated MCM for C1q protein. d, TGFβ was able to reset A1 reactive astrocytes to a non-reactive state. e, Individual knock-out (Il-1α−/−, TNFα−/−, C1q−/−), double (Il-1α−/−TNFα−/−), and triple knock-out (Il-1α−/−TNFα−/−C1q−/−) mice fail to produce A1s following LPS injection. Mice treated with Pexidartinib (PLX-3397) for 7 days to deplete 95% of microglia (Extended Data Fig. 1) still respond to LPS by producing A1s. f, Representative phase and fluorescent immunohistochemistry micrographs for GFAP and AQP4 of control and A1 reactive astrocytes. g, Western blot analysis of GFAP protein in cultured astrocytes showing approximate 3-fold increase in A1s compared to control. h, Measurements of cross-sectional area of astrocytes stained with GFAP. n = 6–8 for each experiment. * p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA. Error bars indicate s.e.m. Scale bar: 50 μm.
LLM interpretation
This figure consists of multiple panels analyzing the induction of A1 reactive astrocytes. Panels **a, d, and e** are heat maps showing transcript expression (ddCT z-score) across various conditions, including cytokine treatments and genetic knock-outs. Panel **b** is a bar chart showing increased protein levels of Il-1$\alpha$, Il-1$\beta$, and TNF$\alpha$ in LPS-activated MCM, while panel **c** shows C1q protein levels. Panel **f** provides phase and fluorescent micrographs for GFAP and AQP4, and panels **g and h** are bar charts quantifying GFAP protein levels and astrocyte cross-sectional area, respectively, with significance indicated by asterisks (* p < 0.05).
A1 reactive astrocytes do not promote synapse formation or functiona, Representative images of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) grown without astrocytes, or with control or A1 reactive astrocytes, immunostained with pre- and post-synaptic markers HOMER (green) and BASSOON (red). Co-localization (yellow puncta) was counted as a structural synapse. b, Total number of synapses normalized per each individual RGC, n = 50 neurons in each treatment. c, Quantitative PCR for astrocyte secreted synaptogenic factors. d, Representative traces of whole-cell patch clamp mEPSC recordings from RGCs. e, Frequency of mEPSCs was significantly decreased in presence of A1s (RGCs without astrocytes: 0.19 ± 0.05 Hz n = 12 neurons, RGCs with resting astrocytes: 2.28 ± 0.51 Hz n = 14 neurons, RGCs with A1s: 0.95 ± 0.19Hz n = 16 neurons). f, A1s significantly decreased mean amplitude of mEPSCs (RGCs without astrocytes: 21.81 ± 0.78 pA n = 12 neurons, RGCs with resting astrocytes: 23.89 ± 0.38 pA n = 14 neurons, RGCs with A1s: 22.32 ± 0.37 pA n = 16 neurons). g, RGCs cultured with A1s had significantly more small amplitude mEPSCs in cumulative probability histograms (p < 0.0001 Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, n = 12–16 neurons per condition). * p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA. Error bars indicate s.e.m. Scale bar: 10 μm.
LLM interpretation
This figure evaluates the effect of A1 reactive astrocytes on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) synapse formation and function. It includes immunostaining images and a bar chart showing a significant decrease in colocalized pre- and post-synaptic puncta (HOMER/BASSOON) in RGCs cultured with A1 reactive astrocytes compared to control astrocytes (p < 0.05). qPCR data (panel c) shows differential expression of synaptogenic factors, while electrophysiological recordings (panels d-g) demonstrate that A1 reactive astrocytes significantly reduce mEPSC frequency (p = 0.0260) and amplitude (p = 0.0026) compared to control astrocytes.
A1 astrocytes lose phagocytic capacitya, Phase and fluorescent images of cultured astrocytes engulfing pHrodo-conjugated synaptosomes (quantification in b) and myelin debris (quantification in c). d, Representative confocal reconstruction showing cholera toxin B, CTB-labelled retinal ganglion cell projections engulfed by control and A1 astrocytes in dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Quantification in e, n = 4 per group. f, Quantitative PCR analysis of astrocyte-specific phagocytic receptors (Megf10 and Mertk, decreased in A1 reactive astrocytes) and bridging molecules (Gas6 and Axl, unchanged). * p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA, or Student’s t-test as appropriate. Error bars indicate s.e.m. Scale bar: 15 μm (a); 10 μm (f).
LLM interpretation
This figure evaluates the phagocytic capacity of A1 reactive astrocytes compared to control astrocytes. Panels **a-c** use phase/fluorescent microscopy and line graphs to show a significant decrease in the engulfment of synaptosomes and myelin debris over 24 hours in A1 astrocytes. Panels **d-e** utilize confocal imaging and a bar chart to demonstrate a significant reduction in the engulfment of CTB-labeled projections (*p < 0.05*). Panel **f** shows a bar chart of qPCR data indicating that the phagocytic receptors *Megf10* and *Mertk* are significantly downregulated in A1 astrocytes, while *Gas6* and *Axl* remain unchanged.
Astrocyte-derived toxic factor promoting cell deathRepresentative phase image showing death of purified retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in culture (ethidium homodimer stain in red shows DNA in dead cells (a, 24 h quantification in c), and differentiated oligodendrocytes (b, 24 h quantification in d). e, Quantification of A1-induced cell death in human dopaminergic neurons (5 days). f, Western blot analysis for cleaved caspase-2 and -3 in RGCs treated with control and A1 ACM. g, retro-orbital optic nerve crushes (ONC) produced A1s in the retina. Intravitreal injection of neutralizing antibodies to Il-1α, TNFα, and C1q blocked A1 production. h, RBPMS (RNA-binding protein with multiple splicing, an RGC marker) immunostaining of whole-mount retinas showed decreased number of RGCs in ONC, rescued with neutralizing antibody treatment. Quantification is shown post ONC at 7 days (i), 14 days (j) using neutralizing antibodies, and at 7 days using Il1α−/−TNFα−/− and Il1α−/−TNFα−/− C1q−/− animals (k), and microglia-depleted (PLX-3397-treated) animals (l). * p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA. n = 8 in each instance. Error bars indicate s.e.m. Scale bar: 100 μm (a,b); 20 μm (k).
LLM interpretation
This figure consists of multiple panels evaluating the toxicity of A1 astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM) and the role of specific cytokines in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. Panels **a-e** use phase-contrast microscopy and bar charts to show a dose-dependent decrease in the survival of RGCs, oligodendrocytes, and human dopaminergic neurons when treated with A1 ACM. Panel **f** is a Western blot quantifying increased levels of cleaved caspase-2 and -3 in A1 ACM-treated RGCs. Panels **g-l** utilize a heatmap of gene expression and RBPMS immunostaining with corresponding bar charts to demonstrate that neutralizing antibodies against Il-1α, TNFα, and C1q, or genetic knockout/microglia depletion, rescue RGC loss following optic nerve crush (ONC). Statistical significance is indicated by asterisks (* p < 0.05).
A1 (C3 positive) reactive astrocytes in human diseaseRepresentative in situ hybridization for C3 and immunofluorescent staining for S100β in Huntington’s (HD, a) and Alzheimer’s (AD, b) diseases, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, c), and co-immunofluorescent staining for C3 and GFAP in Parkinson’s disease (PD, d) and multiple sclerosis (MS, e). Quantification in HD (f), AD in both hippocampus (g) and prefrontal cortex (h), ALS (i), PD (j) and MS (k) shows around 30–60% of astrocytes in brain regions specific to each disease in humans are C3 positive A1s. l–p, Increase in expression of C3 transcript in all diseases (by qPCR). N=3–8 disease and 5–8 control in each instance. Quantification was carried out on 5 fields of view and approximately 50 cells were surveyed per sample. Scale bar: 100 μm (n,o), 20 μm (d,p–t), 10 μm (a–c). Error bars indicate s.e.m. * p < 0.05, Student’s T-test (f–j, l–o), one-way ANOVA (k,p) compared to age-matched control.
LLM interpretation
This figure consists of immunofluorescence microscopy images (a–e) and corresponding bar charts (f–p) analyzing C3-positive reactive astrocytes across several human neurodegenerative diseases. The microscopy images show co-localization of C3 (red) with astrocyte markers S100β or GFAP (green) and DAPI (blue) in HD, AD, ALS, PD, and MS. Bar charts (f–k) quantify the percentage or density of C3+ astrocytes, while qPCR data (l–p) show fold-change (FC) increases in C3 transcript levels. Statistically significant increases (* p < 0.05) in C3 expression are observed in disease groups compared to controls across most conditions, except for the AD hippocampus (g).
Pexinartinib (PLX-3397)- treated adult mice have dramatic reduction in number of microglia and no increase in myeloid cell infiltration after LPS compared to vehicle control treatmenta–c, representative plots showing abundant macrophage populations in P28 WT control mice: TMEM119+ microglia (a), CD11B+/CD45L° and CD11B+/CD45HI cells after saline (b) and LPS (right plot) injection. d–f, representative plots showing large reduction in macrophage populations after PLX-3397 treatment: TMEM119- microglia (d), CD11B+/CD45L° and CD11B+/CD45HI cells after saline (e) and LPS (f) injection. g,h, gating strategy for TMEM119+ (microglia) and CD45L°CD11b+ cells used for analysis. i, relative abundance of CD11B+/CD45L° macrophages in WT compared to PLX-3397 mice, expressed as percent of total gated events. j, relative abundance of CD11B+/CD45HI cells after LPS treatment, normalized to saline control injection in WT and PLX-3397 treated animals. k, l, Fold change data from microfluidic qPCR analysis of WT and PLX-3397-treated mouse immunopanned astrocytes collected 24 hours following i.p. injection with saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5mg/kg). N = 3–6 individual animals per treatment condition and genotype, error bars expressed as SEM. * p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA (i); p = 0.90, Student’s T-test (j), compared to age-matched wild type control.
LLM interpretation
This figure consists of flow cytometry plots (a–h), bar charts (i–j), and qPCR fold-change histograms (k–l). The flow cytometry data and corresponding bar charts show a significant reduction in $\text{TMEM119}^+$ microglia and $\text{CD11B}^+/\text{CD45}^{\text{LO}}$ macrophages in PLX-3397 treated mice compared to WT controls ($p < 0.05$), while $\text{CD11B}^+/\text{CD45}^{\text{HI}}$ cells show no significant difference after LPS treatment ($p = 0.90$). The qPCR data (k–l) quantify the fold change of PAN-reactive, A1-specific, and A2-specific astrocyte transcripts in PLX-3397 treated mice following saline or LPS injection.
Screen for A1 reactive mediatorsa, Immunopanning schema for purification of astrocytes. These astrocytes retain their non-activated in vivo gene profiles. b, Purified cells were 99+% pure with very little contamination from other central nervous system cells, as measured by qPCR for cell-type specific transcripts. c, Heat map of PAN reactive and A1- and A2-specific reactive transcript induction following treatment with a wide range of possible reactivity inducers. N = 8 per experiment. * p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA (increase compared to non-reactive astrocytes).
LLM interpretation
This figure consists of three panels: (a) a schematic diagram of the immunopanning process used to purify astrocytes, (b) a bar chart showing high expression of astrocyte-specific transcripts (e.g., Aldh1l1, Gfap) and minimal expression of markers for other CNS cells, and (c) a heat map displaying the induction of PAN, A1-specific, and A2-specific transcripts across various mediators. The heat map uses a z-score scale (blue to red) to show gene expression changes, with asterisks indicating statistical significance (p < 0.05) compared to non-reactive astrocytes.
Screen for A1 reactive mediatorsFold change data from published microarray datasets of A1 (neuroinflammatory) reactive astrocytes (panel a), and microfluidic qPCR analysis of purified astrocytes treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglia conditioned media (panel b), non-activated microglia conditioned media (panel c), Il-1α, TNFα and C1q (panel d), LPS-activated microglia conditioned media pre-treated with neutralizing antibodies to Il-1α, TNFα and C1q (panel e), astrocytes treated with Il-1α, TNFα and C1q and post-treated with FGF (panel f), microglia conditioned media activated with interferon gamma (IFNγ, panel g), and with TNFα (panel h). N = 6 per experiment. Error bars indicate s.e.m.
LLM interpretation
This figure consists of eight bar charts (panels a-h) showing the fold change of various gene transcripts in astrocytes across different treatment conditions. The transcripts are categorized into three groups: PAN-reactive, A1-specific, and A2-specific, with the y-axis representing "Fold change (vs. control)." Across most panels, PAN-reactive and A1-specific transcripts show significant upregulation, while A2-specific transcripts remain largely unchanged.
A1 astrocytes are morphologically simplea, in vivo immunoflourescent staining for the water channel AQP4 and GFAP. Saline injected (control) mice had robust AQP4 protein localization to astrocytic endfeet on blood vessels (red stain, white arrows), while LPS injected mice had loss of polarization of AQP4 immunoreactivity, with bleeding of immunoreactivity away from endfeet (white arrows) and increased staining in other regions of the astrocyte (yellow arrowheads). Triple knock-out mice (Il1α−/−TNFα−/−C1q−/−) did retained AQP4 immunoreactivity in endfeet following LPS-induced neuroinflammation (white arrows), though some low-level ectopic immunoreactivty was still seen (yellow arrowheads). b–e, Quantification of cell morphology of GFAP-stained cultured astrocytes in resting or A1 reactive state: cross-sectional area (b), number of primary processes extending from cell soma (c), number of terminal branchlets (d), ratio of terminal to primary processes (complexity score, e). f, g, time-lapse tracing of control (f) and A1 reactive (g) astrocytes. Quantification shown in panel (h). A1 reactive astrocytes migrated approximately 75% less than control astrocytes over a 24 h period. * p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA. Error bars indicate s.e.m.
LLM interpretation
This figure consists of immunofluorescence images (a), bar charts (b–e, h), and time-lapse microscopy tracings (f, g) comparing control and A1 reactive astrocytes. Panel (a) shows a loss of AQP4 polarization to blood vessel endfeet in LPS-injected wildtype mice, which is largely preserved in triple knock-out mice. Bar charts (b–e) demonstrate that A1 reactive astrocytes have significantly lower cross-sectional area, fewer primary and terminal processes, and lower complexity scores compared to controls (* p < 0.05). Time-lapse data (f–h) show that A1 reactive astrocytes travel significantly less distance over 24 hours than control astrocytes (* p < 0.05).
A1 reactive astrocytes do not promote synapse formation or neurite outgrowtha, Representative images of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) grown without astrocytes, or with control or A1 reactive astrocytes, stained with pre- and post-synaptic markers HOMER (green) and BASSOON (yellow). Colocalization of these markers (yellow puncta) was counted as a structural synapse. b, Total number of synapses normalized per each individual RGC. The number of synapses decreased after growth of RGCs with LPS-activated microglial conditioned media (MCM)-activated A1 reactive astrocyte conditioned media (ACM), or Il-1α, TNFα, C1q-activated A1 reactive astrocytes was not different. N = 50 neurons in each treatment. c, Quantification of individual pre- and post-synaptic puncta. d, Total length of neurite growth from RGCs. e, Density of RGC processes in cultures used in measurement of synapse number. There was no difference in neurite density close to RGC cell bodies (where synapse number measurements were made). f, Western blot analysis of proteoglycans secreted by control and A1 reactive astrocytes. Conditioned media from control astrocytes contained less chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans Brevican, Ng2, Neurocan and Versican, while simultaneously having higher levels of heparan sulphate proteoglycans Syndecan and Glypican. * p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA, except d (Student’s t-test). Scale bar: 10 μm. Error bars indicate s.e.m.
LLM interpretation
This figure consists of microscopy images (a) and several quantitative bar charts (b-f) comparing the effects of control and A1 reactive astrocytes on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Panels b and c show a significant decrease in colocalized and total pre- and post-synaptic puncta in RGCs grown with A1 reactive astrocytes or without astrocytes compared to control astrocytes (*p < 0.05). Panel d shows a significant reduction in neurite outgrowth with A1 reactive astrocytes, while panel e indicates no significant difference in neurite density across conditions. Panel f uses a bar chart to show that A1 reactive astrocytes secrete higher levels of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (Brevican, Ng2, Neurocan, Versican) and lower levels of heparan sulphate proteoglycans (Syndecan, Glypican) compared to control astrocytes.
P4 lateral geniculate nucleus astrocytes become A1 reactive following systemic LPS injectionFold change data from microfluidic qPCR analysis of astrocytes purified from dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, 24 h after systemic injection with lipopolysaccharide (5mg/kg). N = 2.
LLM interpretation
This bar chart shows the fold change in gene expression of astrocytes from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus 24 hours after systemic LPS injection compared to a control. The x-axis categorizes genes into PAN-reactive, A1-specific, and A2-specific transcripts, with the y-axis measuring fold change. The highest expression increases are observed in PAN-reactive transcripts (e.g., *Lcn2*), while A2-specific transcripts show minimal fold changes.
Astrocyte-derived toxic factor promoting cell deatha, Quantification of dose-responsive cell death in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) treated with astrocyte conditioned media from cells treated with Il-1α, TNFα, or C1q alone, or combination of all three (A1 astrocyte conditioned media, ACM) for 24 h. b, Death of RGCs was not due to a loss of trophic support, as treatment with 50% Control ACM did not decrease viability. Similarly, treatment with a 50/50 mix of Control and A1 ACM did not increase viability compared to A1 ACM only treated cells. c, A1-ACM-induced RGC toxicity could be removed by heat inactivation, or protease treatment. d–k, Cell viability of purified central nervous system cells treated with A1 ACM for 24 h: RGCs (d), hippocampal neurons (e), embryonic spinal motor neurons (f), oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs, g), astrocytes (h), microglia/macrophages (i), endothelial cells (j), and pericytes (k). N = 4 for each experiment. l, Representative phase image showing death of purified embryonic spinal motor neurons in culture over 18 h (ethidium homodimer stain in red shows DNA in dead cells). m, qPCR for motor neuronal subtype-specific transcripts after 120h treatment with A1 ACM (50μg/ml). There was no decrease in levels of transcript for Nr2f2 (pre-ganglionic specific) and Wnt7a and Esrrg (γ specific), suggesting these motor neuron subtypes are immune to A1-induced toxicity. n, representative images with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining in the dentate gyrus for wild type and Il1α−/−, TNFα−/−, or C1q−/− individual knockout animals following systemic LPS injection. Individual knock-out animals had far less TUNEL+ cells in the dentate gyrus (no cells in Il1α−/− or TNFα−/− animals) than wild type animals, suggesting A1-induced toxicity may be apoptosis. p–r, Percentage growth rate of gram negative bacterial cultures treated with A1 ACM for 16 h: B. thaliandensis (p), S. typhimurium (q), S. flexneri (r). N = 3. * p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA. Error bars indicate s.e.m.
LLM interpretation
This figure consists of multiple panels including bar charts (a–k, m, o–r), phase and fluorescence microscopy images (l, n), and a summary of cell viability and growth. Bar charts show a dose-dependent decrease in survival of RGCs, hippocampal neurons, spinal motor neurons, and microglia/macrophages when treated with A1 ACM, while OPCs, astrocytes, endothelial cells, and pericytes remain largely unaffected. Microscopy images demonstrate cell death via ethidium homodimer and TUNEL staining, with the latter showing reduced positive cells in $Il1\alpha^{-/-}$, $TNF\alpha^{-/-}$, and $C1q^{-/-}$ knockout animals compared to wild type. Statistical significance is indicated by asterisks ($* p < 0.05$) and "n.s." for non-significant comparisons.
Pharmacological blockade of astrocyte-derived toxic factor promoting cell deathSpecific caspase inhibitory agents tested to block retinal ganglion cell (RGC) cell death: a, caspase-1. b, caspase-4. c, caspase-6. d, caspase-8. e, caspase-9. f, caspase-10. g, caspase-13. Only caspase-4 and caspase-13 inhibition was able to minimize RGC toxicity to A1 ACM (in addition to caspase-2 and -3, see Fig. 4 in main text). There was no cleaved caspase-4 or -13 detected in these cells. h, Necrostatin did not preserve RGC viability when cells were treated with A1 astrocyte conditioned media (ACM). i, j, k, l, glutamate excitotoxicity was checked by blocking AMPA receptors with antagonist NBQX (h), or NMDA antagonist D-AP5 (i), or kainite receptors with antagonist UBP-296 (GluR5 selective, j) and UBP-302 (k) – all of which were ineffective. * p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA. N = 4 in each. Error bars indicate s.e.m.
LLM interpretation
This figure consists of 12 bar charts (a–l) measuring the percentage of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival relative to a control under various pharmacological blockade conditions. Each chart compares a control group to cells treated with A1 astrocyte conditioned media (ACM) alone or in combination with specific inhibitors (caspase inhibitors in a–g, necrostatin-1 in h, and glutamate receptor antagonists in i–l). Significant increases in survival (* p < 0.05) are observed only with the inhibition of caspase-4 (b) and caspase-13 (g), while other inhibitors show no significant effect (n.s.) in preventing ACM-induced toxicity.
| # | Section | Preview |
|---|---|---|
| 60 | Methods — Electrophysiology | Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from cultured RGC neurons were performed at room temperature in an… |
| 61 | Methods — Proliferation, differentiation and motility assays | Cultures of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) were prepared by immunopanning and grown as… |
| 62 | Methods — Statistical analysis and power calculations | All statistical analyses were done using GraphPad Prism 7.00 software. Most data were analyzed by… |
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| New Perspective: Bench to Bedside Evidence of the Role of CD8+ T Cells in Alzheimer's Disease. | Peng Y et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| NF-κB activation in astrocytes impairs wound healing after traumatic brain injury in male mice. | Hein TM et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| NLRP3 inflammasome and gut microbiota-brain axis: A new perspective on white matter injury after intracerebral hemorrhage. | Cai X et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Non-cell autonomous autophagy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A new promising target? | Rosso F et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Mouse ID Associated 1 (MIDA1) Protein Varies in Neurons and Astrocytes Across the Different Hippocampal Regions and Exhibits Age-Related Changes. | Cuellar-Santoyo AO et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Olfactory ensheathing cells reduce trigeminal neuralgia pain and anxiety by suppressing P2X7R-mediated A1 Astrocyte activation in mice. | Lu J et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Parkinson's disease: spatiotemporal regulation and therapeutic prospects of TREM2-mediated microglial responses. | Hou K et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric lupus centered on innate immune activation. | Nagata W et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Pericytes are organ-specific regulators of tissue morphogenesis. | Rasouli SJ et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Peripheral cytokine dysregulation, microglial dysfunction in adolescent major depressive disorder: Neuroimmune crosstalk implications. | Shen X et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Peripheral immunochemical considerations in Parkinson disease: sources, targets and crosstalk mechanisms. | Castegna A et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Pharmacological Microglial Inhibition Remodels the Scar Microenvironment to Support Reticulospinal Circuit Reconstruction After Spinal Cord Injury. | Li R et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Plant-derived bioactive compounds modulate the gut microbiota in Alzheimer's disease: Metabolite signaling, neuroimmune circuits, and systems-level regulation. | Xue D et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Polylactide/Polycaprolactone Nanofiber Scaffold Enhances Primary Cortical Neuron Growth. | Shtol VS et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Postoperative cognitive dysfunction and neurodegeneration: From inflammation to precision medicine. | Lin X et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Potential role of splice junctions of α-synuclein isoforms in the activation of T-cells: Implications for Parkinson's disease. | Kaul S et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Proposed unified model of late-onset Alzheimer's disease: Chronic astrocytic and neuronal bioenergetic failure. | Garrahy JP | — | 2026 | → |
| Pyroptosis in Ischemic Stroke: Roles, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Strategies. | Qi T et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Regulation of Lipid Dysmetabolism and Neuroinflammation Progression Linked With Alzheimer's Disease Through Modulation of Dgat2. | Yadav A et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Regulatory T cells in stroke inflammation: Therapeutic perspectives. | Sun Z et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Repurposing glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. | Sabbagh MN et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Repurposing immunomodulatory drugs targeting microglia for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. | Hendricus Maes KJ et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Research progress on molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets of blood-brain barrier dysfunction secondary to intracerebral hemorrhage. | Chen Z et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Research Progress on Spinal Cord Repair Based on Regulation of the Neuroregenerative Microenvironment. | Deng Z et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Retinoic acid signaling regulates astrocyte reactivity by modulating MAPK/NF-κB pathways and mitochondrial integrity. | Yoo SH et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| REV-ERB-alpha and -beta coordinately regulate astrocyte reactivity and proteostatic function. | Nadarajah CJ et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Role of Microglial Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: From Multifactorial Causes to Neurodegeneration. | Xu Y et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Role of the intestinal microbiota in sepsis-associated encephalopathy. | Zhang M et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Role of tunneling nanotubes in neuroglia. | Xu W et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Role Shift of Glial Cells from Physiology to Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease: The Regulatory Impact of Exercise. | Liu R et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Roles of Glia in Synapse Nano-organization. | Choi YJ et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Rotating Magnetic Field Therapy Induces System-Level Neuroprotection in A53T α-Synuclein Transgenic Mice Through Coordinated Suppression of Cellular Stress Pathways. | Anayyat U et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| S-acylation and neuroinflammation: the therapeutic potential of zDHHC and deacylase modulation. | Duarte TA et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Safety assessment of a soft metal-free silicone peripheral nerve cuff implanted in rat models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain. | Guo Y et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Selective Inhibition of Tumor Necrosis Factor for Attenuating Alzheimer's Disease: Strategies Targeting Neuroinflammation. | Udaiyappan JP et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| SGK1 Inhibition Improved Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Astrocyte Senescence in Hepatic Encephalopathy via IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 Signaling Pathway. | Luo G et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Shikonin improves cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulating astrocyte polarization through ERK1/2-SP1-SLC7A10. | Su Y et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Simulated wildfire smoke particulate matter elicits STING-dependent astrocyte-mediated inflammatory signaling and neurotoxicity. | Schuller AJ et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Single-Cell Dissection of the SPP1-CD44 Axis Reveals Microglia-Astrocyte Crosstalk Driving Neuroinflammation in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. | Xu Y et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Single-Nucleus Transcriptomics Reveals Microglial State Transitions and Astrocytic Trajectory Divergence During Glial Remodeling Induced by Intracortical Electrode Implantation. | Zhao Z et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Spatiotemporal Co-Delivery of Hydrogen and Magnesium via Microneedle Patches for Neuroinflammation Modulation After Spinal Cord Injury: A Multi-Modal In Vivo Study. | Wang H et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Special characteristics of human astrocytes and their roles in brain homeostasis. | Kousa I et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Stage-Dependent Function of Astrocytes in Alzheimer's Disease: A Review. | Azari HB et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Sulfatide deficiency-induced astrogliosis and myelin lipid dyshomeostasis are independent of TREM2-mediated microglial activation. | He S et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Synaptic control of retinal ganglion cell survival and axon regeneration. | Qiu Y et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Systemic Inflammation Aggravates Retinal Ganglion Cell Vulnerability to Optic Nerve Trauma in Adult Rats. | Rovere G et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Targeting angiogenesis and white matter repair for enhanced functional recovery after acute ischemic stroke: A focus on the roles of glial cells. | Du W et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Targeting glial cells: Unveiling the neuroprotective mechanisms of Ginseng in the brain microenvironment. | Wang Y et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Targeting kynurenine pathway and A1 /A2 astrocytes polarization in experimentally induced fibromyalgia: Modulatory role of apigenin on kynurenine/ aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling. | Al-Matarneh TM et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction to quell neuroinflammation in central nervous system (CNS): a new strategy for treating CNS disease with nanomedicines. | Wang S et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Targeting neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders: the emerging potential of semaglutide. | Evola V et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Targeting PGC-1α axis rescues aberrant development from thyroid hormone defect in brain organoids. | Bottani E et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Targeting Reactive Astrocytes with Flavonoids to Alleviate Neuroinflammation and Promote Synaptic Function. | Rao DP et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Tau is necessary for Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced blood-brain barrier dysfunction. | Chaney SD et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Taurine modulates gut microbiota and attenuates inflammation in a rotenone-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease. | Zhu Y et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Glial Activation After Unilateral Cortical Injury in Rats. | Rich KK et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| The brain-heart axis: effects of cardiovascular disease on the CNS and opportunities for central neuromodulation. | van Weperen VYH et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| The crosstalk between blood-brain barrier and neural cells: bidirectional regulation of brain function and pathology. | Ju M et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| The engineered probiotic strain Lactococcus lactis MG1363-pMG36e-GLP-1 regulates microglial polarization and gut dysbiosis in a transgenic mouse model of Parkinson's disease. | Yue M et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| The Evolving Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Exosomes in Epilepsy Management: From Bench to Bedside. | Li A et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| The glia-immune network: Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes as microglial co-ordinators in health and disease. | Mitchener VFT et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| The Immuno-Glial Connectome in Alzheimer's Disease: Integrating Central and Peripheral Inflammatory Networks. | Gopalakrishna PK et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| The M1-like microglia-A1-like astrocyte Axis: A central hub linking BDNF dysregulation in chronic stress to anxiety disorders. | Li H et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| The Molecular Architecture of Neurodegeneration: An Integrative Overview of Convergent Mechanisms. | Aranda-Abreu GE et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| The multifaceted roles of G protein-coupled receptor C3aR1 in disease: From immunomodulation to cancer progression. | Cui J et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| The neurovascular unit response to cerebral ischemia as a promising area for translational studies - comments on some opened questions. | Kowiański P et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| The phenotypic transformation of astrocytes after AIS can be regulated by microglial GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis. | Zhang Y et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Therapeutic potential of K<sub>ATP</sub> channels in the attenuation of Parkinson's disease pathogenesis and progression - A review. | Gundi B et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Therapeutic targeting of neuroimmune mechanisms in neurodegeneration. | Monroe KM et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| The rise of astrocytes: are they guardians or troublemakers of the brain disorder? | Kim HY et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| The roles of microglia and astrocytes in inflammasomes and neurological disorders. | Xia Y et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| The vicious cycle: unraveling the interplay between α-synuclein, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease. | Liang YL et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Tissue-Resident Macrophage-Derived E3 Ligase SMURF2 Restricts Autoimmune Inflammation by Mediating the Degradation of p-TBK1. | An X et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| TNF-α and IFN-γ impair neural oscillations and induce neurodegeneration by microglial nitric oxide, metabolic and oxidative stress. | Malorny N et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Trained immunity in neuroinflammation: emerging evidence, clinical perspectives, and future directions. | Guso E et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Transcriptomic and neurotransmitter correlates of structure and function spatial variations patterns in spinocerebellar Ataxia. | Xu M et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Transport pathways across the blood-brain barrier for waste clearance and drug delivery. | Gröbner LS et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| TREM2 in neurodegeneration and diseases. | Abdulkhaliq AA et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| TREM2-mediated microglial phagocytosis of inhibitory synapses contributes to prolonged FS-induced epileptogenesis. | Wang X et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| TRIM21 promotes astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by stabilizing RGMa via K33-linked ubiquitination. | Zhang S et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Unlocking the gasotransmitter: hydrogen sulfide as a multitarget regulator in ischemia-reperfusion injury. | Chen Y et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| USP11-PGAM5 Axis Promotes Neurotoxic Astrocyte Reactivity by Aggravating the mtDNA-cGAS-STING Pathway After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. | He J et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Vascular and Neural Transcriptomics Reveal Stage-Dependent Pathways to Inflammation and Cognitive Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Hypertension. | Arndt P et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Vessel-associated microglia are differentially activated and distributed in relation to systemic infection and Alzheimer's disease. | Milner O et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Weathered plastic particles negatively affect mouse primary neurons and glial cells. | Shin HS et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| Xuming tongmai decoction modulates astrocyte polarization and mitophagy via the PINK1/Parkin pathway in a rat model of acute ischemic stroke. | Ran L et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| 3-HKA Promotes Vascular Remodeling After Stroke by Modulating the Activation of A1/A2 Reactive Astrocytes. | Chen JM et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| A1-Reactive Astrocytes in the Posterior Part of Paraventricular Thalamic Nucleus Are Involved in Pain Modulation in Mice. | Sun HX et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| A2-Astrocyte Activation by Short-Term Hypoxia Rescues α-Synuclein Pre-Formed-Fibril-Induced Neuronal Cell Death. | Choi HN et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| A bibliometric analysis of the immune system and cognitive impairment: trends from 1985 to 2024. | Zou B et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Abnormal behaviors and glial responses in an animal model of tau pathology. | Liu Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Abnormal functional lateralization and functional connectivity in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy: mechanistic links to transcriptomic signatures and neurotransmitter systems. | Hu RY et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| A brain-accessible peptide modulates stroke inflammatory response and neurotoxicity by targeting BDNF-receptor TrkB-T1 specific interactome. | Ugalde-Triviño L et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Acid-Sensing PAC Channel Promotes Astrocyte Acidosis in Ischemic Stroke. | Liu Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| A co-culture system to study the effects of Poly I:C-activated microglia on the differentiation of murine primary neural stem cells. | Manitz MP et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| A comprehensive review: neuroinflammation and immune communication between the central nervous system and the periphery. | Kaur R et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| A cryo-shocked M2 macrophages based treatment strategy promoting repair of spinal cord injury via immunomodulation and axonal regeneration effects. | Lu E et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Activation of the C3 Complement Pathway in the Hippocampus Produces Anxiodepressive Effects in a Mouse Model of Inflammation Pain. | Zhang A et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Activation of the non-canonical Wnt5a signaling pathway following optic nerve injury induces time-dependent changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory gene expression. | Venanzi AW et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Activation of Wnt/β-catenin in neural progenitor cells regulates blood-brain barrier development and promotes neuroinflammation. | Sebo DJ et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Activity and Heterogeneity of Astrocytes in Neurological Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets. | Mao S et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Acupuncture regulates astrocyte neurotoxic polarization to protect blood-brain barrier integrity in delayed thrombolysis through mediating ERK1/2/Cx43 axis. | Zhang ZH et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Acute exposure of perchlorate on zebrafish larvae: Neurotoxicity during development. | Xue X et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Acute LPS exposure enhances susceptibility to peripheral prion infection. | Pal R et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Acute systemic endotoxin administration elevates neuroimmune markers and sickness behaviors in male and female <i>Peromyscus californicus</i>. | Wegener AJ et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Addressing neuroinflammation in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived central nervous system neurospheroids. | Gomes CM et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Advances in astrocytes in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. | Liu J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Advances in the genetics and pathology of Lewy body dementia. | Scholz SW et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Advancing Alzheimer's disease pharmacotherapy: efficacy of glucocorticoid modulation with dazucorilant (CORT113176) in preclinical mouse models. | Canet G et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Ageing-related changes in the regulation of microglia and their interaction with neurons. | von Bernhardi R et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Age-related differences in long-term memory performance and astrocyte morphology in rat hippocampus. | Martins YA et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Age-related nigral downregulation of the Parkinson's risk factor FAM49B primes human microglia for inflammaging. | Martin J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| AhR regulation of amyloid beta-induced inflammation in astrocyte cells. | Ojo E et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Air Pollution, MIND Diet, Risk of Neurodegenerative Diseases in Different Aging Status. | Zhang J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| AKT2 Modulates Astrocytic Nicotine Responses In Vivo. | Lombardi AM et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Aldh1l1-Cre/ERT2 Drives Flox-Mediated Recombination in Peripheral and CNS Infiltrating Immune Cells in Addition to Astrocytes During CNS Autoimmune Disease. | Amatruda M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Alpha-Synuclein Phosphomimetic Y39E and S129D Knock-In Mice Show Cytosolic Alpha-Synuclein Localization without Developing Neurodegeneration or Motor Deficits. | Kim Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Altered cognitive function in obese patients: relationship to gut flora. | Deng M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Altered lipid profile and reduced neuronal support in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived astrocytes from adrenoleukodystrophy patients. | Ferrer RM et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Alzheimer's disease: insights into pathology, molecular mechanisms, and therapy. | Zheng Q et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| A macro-transection model of brain trauma for neuromaterial testing with functional electrophysiological readouts. | Wiseman J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Amelioration of Alzheimer's Disease Pathology in Zebrafish by Photobiomodulation. | Eroglu B et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| A molecular brain atlas reveals cellular shifts during the repair phase of stroke. | Weber RZ et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Analysis and interpretation of inflammatory fluid markers in Alzheimer's disease: a roadmap for standardization. | Bettcher BM et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Analysis of the potential regulatory mechanism of PIEZO1 in Alzheimer's disease based on RNA sequencing. | Wang YH et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| A neurodegenerative cellular stress response linked to dark microglia and toxic lipid secretion. | Flury A et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| A Neuroimmune-Oncology Microphysiological Analysis Platform (NEO-MAP) for Evaluating Astrocytic Scar Formation and Microgliosis in Glioblastoma Microenvironment. | Diep YN et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| An integrated view of the relationships between amyloid, tau, and inflammatory pathophysiology in Alzheimer's disease. | Arnsten AFT et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| A Novel Aβ B-cell epitope Vaccine, Aβ1-10 with carrier protein OVA and KLH reduce Aβ-induced neuroinflammation mediated neuropathology in mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. | Park JS et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| A novel compound DBZ alleviates chronic inflammatory pain and anxiety-like behaviors by targeting the JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway. | Sun B et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| A Novel H<sub>2</sub>S Donor Alleviates Neuroinflammation and Seizures by Inhibiting the C3-C3aR Pathway. | Yang Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| A novel multi-target compound mitigates amyloid plaques, synaptic deficits, and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease models. | Lee Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Antiageing strategy for neurodegenerative diseases: from mechanisms to clinical advances. | Jiang Q et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| A phenotypic brain organoid atlas and biobank for neurodevelopmental disorders. | Wang L et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| APOE Christchurch enhances a disease-associated microglial response to plaque but suppresses response to tau pathology. | Tran KM et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| A Polytherapy Intervention in an Experimental Traumatic Optic Neuropathy Mouse Model. | Tse DT et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Application and current challenges of neural stem cells transplantation in clinical trials of spinal cord injury. | Zhang WJ et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Application of Adipose Extracellular Matrix and Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites for Spinal Cord Injury Repair. | Verstappen K et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Are conventional antidepressants enough? The gut microbiome and nanocarrier-based delivery systems as future prospects for depression treatment. | Gastaldo-Jordán I et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Aromatase as a Central Node in Astrocyte Health and Homeostasis. | Faddetta M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Arsenic exposure induces neural cells senescence and abnormal lipid droplet accumulation leading to social memory impairment in mice. | Zhang B et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Artemisinin alleviates astrocyte overactivation and neuroinflammation by modulating the IRE1/NF-κB signaling pathway in in vitro and in vivo Alzheimer's disease models. | Chen L et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Artificial intelligence-driven multi-omics approaches in Alzheimer's disease: Progress, challenges, and future directions. | Ren F et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| A single-cell transcriptome analysis reveals astrocyte heterogeneity and identifies CHI3L1 as a diagnostic biomarker in Parkinson's disease. | Gong Z et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| A single-cell transcriptomic atlas of all cell types in the brain of 5xFAD Alzheimer mice in response to dietary inulin supplementation. | Wang X et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Aspirin Attenuates the Pathogenesis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis by Inhibiting the Activities of Microglia in a NF-κB-dependent Complement System-deactivating Mechanism. | Ge TQ et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Association of choroid plexus volume, glymphatic system markers, and cognitive impairment in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. | Gong W et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Associations of varicose veins with cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease pathologies in adults without dementia: the CABLE study. | Liu M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Astrocyte and oligodendrocyte pathology in Alzheimer's disease. | Ziar R et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Astrocyte autophagy-neuroinflammation axis in ischemic stroke: From molecular mechanisms to translational medicine. | Wang H et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Astrocyte-conditional knockout of MOB2 inhibits the phenotypic conversion of reactive astrocytes from A1 to A2 following spinal cord injury in mice. | Tao X et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Astrocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Alleviate Optic Nerve Injury Through Remodeling of Retinal Microenvironmental Homeostasis. | Chen L et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Astrocyte-Derived Interleukin 11 Modulates Astrocyte-Microglia Crosstalk via Nuclear Factor-κB Signaling Pathway in Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy. | Zhu D et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Astrocyte diversity and subtypes: aligning transcriptomics with multimodal perspectives. | Hennes M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Astrocyte FGF7/FGFR2 autocrine signaling mediates neuroinflammation and promotes MPTP-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. | Sun X et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Astrocyte heterogeneity in ischemic stroke: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. | Li D et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Astrocyte induction of disease-associated microglia is suppressed by acute exposure to fAD neurons in human iPSC triple cultures. | Lish AM et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Astrocyte in Neurological Disease: Pathogenesis and Therapy. | Huang M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Astrocyte involvement in brain metastasis: from biological mechanisms to therapeutic strategies. | Zhou T et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Astrocyte Lipid Droplet Dynamics Orchestrate Neurological Disorders and Therapeutic Horizons. | Zhong J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Astrocyte-mediated inflammatory responses in traumatic brain injury: mechanisms and potential interventions. | Zhang H et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Astrocyte-microglia crosstalk in subarachnoid hemorrhage: mechanisms and treatments. | Yu K et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Astrocyte priming enhances microglial Aβ clearance and is compromised by APOE4. | Lee SI et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Astrocytes as Metabolic Sensors Orchestrating Energy-Driven Brain Vulnerability in Alzheimer's Disease. | Sánchez de Muniain L et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Astrocytes-associated research in Parkinson's disease: an explored trends analysis. | Chen YJ et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Astrocyte Secretome Profiling via Biorthogonal Labeling Unveils Novel Factors Relevant to Neurodegenerative Diseases. | Liu J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Astrocytes in aging. | Labarta-Bajo L et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Astrocytes in Fear Memory Processing: Molecular Mechanisms Across the Amygdala-Hippocampus-Prefrontal Cortex Network. | Kim YR et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Astrocytes in the mouse brain respond bilaterally to unilateral retinal neurodegeneration. | Cooper ML et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Astrocytes release ATP/ADP and glutamate in flashes via vesicular exocytosis. | Li H et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Astrocytes Respond to Environment-Relevant Doses TCDD in a Specific Manner Which Is Different from the Endogenous AhR Ligand (FICZ). | Sha R et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Astrocytes: The Unsung Architects of Synaptic Integration and Their Role in Brain Health and Disease. | Elvira R et al. | — | 2025 | → |
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| Astrocytic EphA4 signaling is important for the elimination of excitatory synapses in Alzheimer's disease. | Yang X et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Astrocytic GLUT1 deletion in adult mice enhances glucose metabolism and resilience to stroke. | Thieren L et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Astrocytic RNA editing regulates the host immune response to alpha-synuclein. | D'Sa K et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Astrocytic Ror2-induced imbalance in brain and gut homeostasis contributes to chronic post-thoracotomy pain. | Liu C et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Astroglia's role in synchronized spontaneous neuronal activity: from physiology to pathology. | Ammothumkandy A et al. | — | 2025 | → |
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| Autism-Associated Gut Microbiota-Derived <i>Enterococcus facium</i> Modulates Gut-Brain Axis Function and Behavior in Mice. | Ma R et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Baicalin ameliorates neuroinflammation by targeting TLR4/MD2 complex on microglia via PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. | Lu Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| BATF2 is a regulator of interferon-γ signaling in astrocytes during neuroinflammation. | Tinkey RA et al. | — | 2025 | → |
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| Beyond relapses: How BTK inhibitors are shaping the future of progressive MS treatment. | Naydovich LR et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Beyond Support Cells: Astrocytic Autophagy as a Central Regulator of CNS Homeostasis and Neurodegenerative Diseases. | Lee JH et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Beyond the gut: decoding the gut-immune-brain axis in health and disease. | Park JC et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| bFGF-Mediated Inhibition of Astrocytes' Optogenetic Activation Impairs Neuronal Repair in Female Rats After Stroke. | Shao X et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Bibliometric Mapping of Research Trends and Hotspots of Microglia in Spinal Cord Injury (2000-2024). | Cai Z et al. | — | 2025 | → |
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| Bioinformatics analysis reveals key mechanisms of oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursor cells regulation in spinal cord Injury. | Yue X et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Biological and Mechanical Limitations for Chronic Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry Sensor Design. | Perillo ML et al. | — | 2025 | → |
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| Biological Nanotherapeutics Derived From Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Mechanisms and Translational Potential in Multisystem Therapies for Regeneration and Oncology. | Zhang R et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Biological profile of breast cancer brain metastasis. | Liu L et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Biomaterial-Based Emergency Intervention for Secondary Spinal Cord Injury. | Li J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Biomimetic Scaffolds Enhance iPSC Astrocyte Progenitor Angiogenic, Immunomodulatory, and Neurotrophic Capacity in a Stiffness and Matrix-Dependent Manner for Spinal Cord Repair Applications. | O'Connor C et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Boosting Neurogenesis as a Strategy in Treating Alzheimer's Disease. | Dwamena A et al. | — | 2025 | → |
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| Brain transcriptomics highlight abundant gene expression and splicing alterations in non-neuronal cells in aFTLD-U. | Alidadiani S et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Brain-Wide Neuroregenerative Gene Therapy Improves Cognition in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. | Wu Z et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Bridging neurology and psychiatry: establishing Latin America's first dedicated Neuropsychiatry Ward at IPq-HCFMUSP. | Lacerda DCR et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Bridging the Gap: The Neuro-immune Axis as a Key Player in Neurodegenerative Disorders. | Liu T et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Broad-spectrum downregulation of inflammatory cytokines by polydopamine nanoparticles to protect the injured spinal cord. | Jiang D et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| C3/C3aR Bridges Spinal Astrocyte-Microglia Crosstalk and Accelerates Neuroinflammation in Morphine-Tolerant Rats. | Peng X et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansions impair microglial response in ALS. | Masrori P et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Cadmium-induced gut dysbiosis precedes the onset of hippocampus-dependent learning and memory deficits in mice. | Wang H et al. | — | 2025 | → |
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| Calycosin regulates astrocyte reactivity and astrogliosis after spinal cord injury by targeting STAT3 phosphorylation. | Tang W et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Cannabidiol alleviates the inflammatory response in rats with traumatic brain injury through the PGE <sub>2</sub>-EP2-cAMP-PKA signaling pathway. | Cao Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Cannabidiol Protects Against Neurotoxic Reactive Astrocytes-Induced Neuronal Death in Mouse Model of Epilepsy. | Ye H et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Cardiac arrest triggers IL-17-mediated neuroinflammation and astrocyte polarization: insights into pathogenesis and intervention. | Li S et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Ceftriaxone attenuates Poly I:C-induced neuroinflammation <i>in vitro</i> by modulating glutamate transport, synaptic integrity, and immunometabolic reprogramming. | Shi X et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Cell-cell communications in the brain of hepatic encephalopathy: The neurovascular unit. | Choi K et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Cell-specific copper dyshomeostasis mechanism in Alzheimer's disease. | Okafor M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Cell type mapping of mild malformations of cortical development with oligodendroglial hyperplasia in epilepsy using single-nucleus multiomics. | Galvão IC et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Cellular immune response during Toxoplasma gondii infection: deciphering diverse population immune variations. | Li J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Cellular mechanisms of neodymium oxide-induced neurodevelopmental damage and memory impairment. | Cao J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Cellular Senescence in Glial Cells: Implications for Multiple Sclerosis. | Maupin EA et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Cellular Senescence Is a Central Driver of Cognitive Disparities in Aging. | Baier MP et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Central TYK2 inhibition identifies TYK2 as a key neuroimmune modulator. | Molitor TP et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Cerebrospinal fluid neuronal pentraxin levels are associated with tau pathology via microglia-astrocyte signaling in alzheimer's disease. | Zhang Z et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| cGAS-STING signaling in brain aging and neurodegeneration: molecular links and therapeutic perspectives. | Li H et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Changes in astrocyte function induced by stress-induced glucocorticoid exacerbate major depressive disorder. | Park B et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Changes in iPSC-astrocyte morphology reflect Alzheimer's disease patient clinical markers. | Rowland HA et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Changing genes, cells and networks to reprogram the brain after stroke. | Li W et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Characterization of a novel transgenic mouse model to investigate brain-wide activation of astrocyte Gq signaling. | Crooks AM et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Characterization of Isolated Human Astrocytes from Aging Brain. | Serrano GE et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Characterizing oxidative stress induced by Aβ oligomers and the protective role of carnosine in primary mixed glia cultures. | Cardaci V et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| CHI3L1: An Emerging Player in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. | Mushtaq U et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Cholecystokinin ameliorates cognitive impairment via inhibiting microglia phagocytosis of excitatory synapses in sepsis-associated encephalopathy mice. | Chen L et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Cholesterol-driven pathological astrocytic responses in diabetes-associated cognitive impairment through astrocytic SCAP accumulation and NF-κB-C3 signaling modulation. | Niu T et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Chromatin remodeler Chd7 regulates reactive astrogliosis after ischemic stroke. | Nagao M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Chronic Neuroplasticity Changes Following Neurotropic Viral Infection: Mechanisms and Implications. | Mohabbat A et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Chrysin-Loaded Extracellular Vesicles Attenuate LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation in BV2 Microglial Cells In Vitro: A Novel Neuroprotective Strategy. | Filannino FM et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Citicoline and Coenzyme Q10: Therapeutic Agents for Glial Activation Reduction in Ocular Hypertension. | Matamoros JA et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| CK2 derived from brain microvascular endothelial cells induces astrocyte inflammatory response in Escherichia coli-induced meningitis. | Huo D et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Cleavable Antibody-Conjugated Aβ Specific Immune Exosome for Combination Alzheimer's Disease Immunotherapy. | Ma M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| CLU alleviates Alzheimer's disease-relevant processes by modulating astrocyte reactivity and microglia-dependent synaptic density. | Lish AM et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Clusterin Regulates the Mechanisms of Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Circuit Impairment in Alzheimer's Disease. | Yu Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Co-administration of Naringin and NLRP3 Inhibitor Improves Myelin Repair and Mitigates Oxidative Stress in Cuprizone-Induced Demyelination Model. | Kalaki-Jouybari F et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Co-Expression of Mutant Tau and α-Synuclein in Neurons Promotes Tau Phosphorylation, Neuronal Loss, and Neuroinflammation in Mouse Brain. | Yamamoto Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Cold aortic flush after ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest reduces inflammatory reaction but not neuronal loss in the pig cerebral cortex. | Barones L et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Combined neocortical protein and morphological profiling of reactive microglia across Alzheimer's and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. | Tkach VV et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Combined treatment of Ketogenic diet and propagermanium reduces neuroinflammation in Tay-Sachs disease mouse model. | Inci OK et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Comparative analysis of androgen and estrogen receptor mRNA expression in adult mouse hippocampus. | Schöbe M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Complement C1q is associated with neuroinflammation and mediates the association between amyloid-β and tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease. | Guo F et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Complement Cascades and Brain Disorders. | Jovčevska I et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Complement therapeutics in neurodegenerative diseases. | Zelek WM et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Comprehensive protocol for culturing and functionally characterizing primary mixed neural cells from the neonatal rat cortex. | Ramos TS et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Computational framework of neuronal-astrocytic network within the basal ganglia-thalamic circuits associated with Parkinson's disease. | Liu S et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Contemporary insights into neuroimmune interactions across development and aging. | Yeo XY et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Context-Dependent Roles of Four Classes of Bioactive Lipids in Neuroglia-Mediated Regulation of Neuroinflammation. | Sun S et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Contributions of Genetic Variation in Astrocytes to Cell and Molecular Mechanisms of Risk and Resilience to Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. | Lee H et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Coordinated regulation of cortical astrocyte maturation by OLIG1 and OLIG2 through BMP7 signaling modulation. | Wang Z et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Co-regulation of microglial subgroups in Alzheimer's amyloid pathology: Implications for diagnosis and drug development. | Zhou Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Cortical circuit principles predict patterns of trauma induced tauopathy in humans. | Barbas H et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Cortical Stimulation-Based Transcriptome Shifts on Parkinson's Disease Animal Model. | Nam J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| CRISPRi-based screens in iAssembloids to elucidate neuron-glia interactions. | Li E et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Cryptococcus exploits delayed microglial activation, and microglial osteopontin/Spp1 impairs peripheral host control. | Reyes EY et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Cuproptosis and Immune Microenvironment Interplay in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Identification of Key Molecular Signatures and Therapeutic Targets. | Li W et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Cuproptosis-driven astrocyte reactivity exacerbates experimental cerebral malaria pathogenesis. | Hou X et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Current state and perspectives of CAR T cell therapy in central nervous system diseases. | Pfeffer LK et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| CXCR3 Deficiency Alleviates Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss by Regulating Neuron-Astrocyte Communication in a Mouse Model of Glaucoma. | Xia F et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Cytokine Profile Analysis During Sialodacryoadenitis Virus and Mouse Hepatitis Virus JHM Strain Infection in Primary Mixed Microglia and Astrocyte Culture-Preliminary Research. | Bartak M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| D30 Alleviates β2-Microglobulin-Facilitated Neurotoxic Microglial Responses in Isoflurane/Surgery-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction in Aged Mice. | Chen P et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) induces learning and memory impairment via JAK2/STAT3/NLRP3 axis-mediated pyroptosis and neuroinflammation. | Jiang L et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Deciphering Ferroptosis-Related Astrocyte Subpopulations and Diagnostic Biomarkers in Parkinson's Disease through RNA Transcriptomics. | Gong Z et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Deciphering the Blood-Brain Barrier Paradox in Brain Metastasis Development and Therapy. | Peters JJ et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Deciphering the Janus-Faced Nature of the Apolipoprotein Superfamily in Parkinsonian Neurodegeneration: Molecular Crosstalk Between the Astroglial Secretome and Neuronal Homeostasis. | Dai Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Deciphering the Structural Biology of GFAP: Connotations of Its Potency in Presaging the Diagnosis for Traumatic Brain Injury and AD. | Kanuri SH et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Decoding brain aging trajectory: predictive discrepancies, genetic susceptibilities, and emerging therapeutic strategies. | Komleva Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Decoding neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: a multi-omics and AI-driven perspective for precision medicine. | Lin S et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Decoding paraneoplastic neuromyelitis optica: a multi-omics investigation of tumor-driven T and B cell dynamics. | Huang W et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Decoding Parkinson's Disease: The interplay of cell death pathways, oxidative stress, and therapeutic innovations. | Liu T et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Defective Astrocyte Maturation Drives Cerebellar Neuroinflammation and Degeneration. | Mockenhaupt K et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Design, current states, and challenges of nanomaterials in anti-neuroinflammation: A perspective on Alzheimer's disease. | Hong X et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Diet-incorporated saracatinib, a Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor, counteracts diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP)-induced chronic neurotoxicity in the rat model. | S Vasanthi S et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Differences in the Effectiveness of Uridine and <i>Liriope platyphylla</i> L. Between Complement Component 3 Deficiency- and Loperamide-Induced Constipation May Be Associated with the Alternative Regulation of the Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Downstream Signaling Pathway. | Song HJ et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Differential Responses of Human iPSC-Derived Microglia to Stimulation with Diverse Inflammogens. | Wolfbeisz C et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Direct effects of prolonged TNF-α and IL-6 exposure on neural activity in human iPSC-derived neuron-astrocyte co-cultures. | Goshi N et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Distinct neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of Kampo formulas ninjinyoeito and juzentaihoto in depression-like SAMP8 mice. | Maruko A et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Distinguishing Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders Subtypes: A Study on AQP4 and C3d Epitope Expression in Cytokine-Primed Human Astrocytes. | Alisch M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Diverse influences on tau aggregation and implications for disease progression. | Van Alstyne M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Diverse Subpopulations of Reactive Astrocytes Following Chronic Toxoplasma Infection. | Figueroa ZA et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| DL-3-n-butylphthalide inhibits astrocyte activation in the cortical penumbra of ischemia-reperfusion model rats via AKT signaling. | Yu Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Do vitamins halt the COVID-19-evoked pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in the development of neuropathic pain? | Al-Khrasani M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Downregulation of STAT3 transcription factor reverses synaptotoxic phenotype of reactive astrocytes associated with prion diseases. | Kushwaha R et al. | — | 2025 | → |
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| Dual inhibition of IRAK1/TAK1 signaling in astrocytes reduces accelerated mortality in human APOE4 knock-in APPswe/PSEN1dE9/P301S-Tau triple transgenic mouse model. | Lei C et al. | — | 2025 | → |
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| Dynamic Intercellular Networks in the CNS: Mechanisms of Crosstalk from Homeostasis to Neurodegeneration. | Zheng Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
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| EAAT2 dysfunction mediates acrylamide-induced excitotoxicity and neuronal damage in a SH-SY5Y/U251 co-culture model. | Wang W et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Early alterations of functional connectivity, regional brain volumes and astrocyte markers in the beta-sitosterol beta-d-glucoside (BSSG) rat model of parkinsonism. | Monnot C et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Early brain changes in Lyme disease are associated with clinical outcomes. | Marvel CL et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Early α-Synuclein Pathology Induces Neuroinflammation and Decreases Topoisomerase IIβ Expression in A53T Mice. | Yeman-Kıyak B et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Echinacoside targets the HIF-1α/LDHA axis to modulate A1/A2 astrocyte differentiation and promote glial scar repair following ischemic stroke. | Liao Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
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| Electroacupuncture Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Downregulating IL-17 A and Inhibiting Neurotoxic Astrocyte Activation. | Zhao MM et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Electroacupuncture ameliorates cognitive dysfunction in T2DM rats by modulating astrocytic polarization and aberrant energy metabolism in the hippocampus via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. | Li X et al. | — | 2025 | → |
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| Engineering neuroimmune regulation: biomaterial and nanotechnology platforms for neuropathology diagnosis and targeted immunomodulation. | Jackson MS et al. | — | 2025 | → |
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| Eriocitrin and its derivatives against Alzheimer's disease: Cumulative accounts of in vitro and in vivo studies. | Kritika et al. | — | 2025 | → |
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| Evaluating the Optic Nerve Crush Model to Understand the Function of Microglia in Glaucoma Neuroprotection. | Gu X et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Evaluation of altered cell-cell communication between glia and neurons in the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice at two time points. | Soelter TM et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Examination of Anti-Inflammatory Effects After Propionate Supplementation in the R6/2 Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease. | König J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Examining the Impact of Microglia on Ischemic Stroke With an Emphasis on the Metabolism of Immune Cells. | Lv J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
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| Exosome-Loaded Bioscaffolds for Spinal Cord Injuries: A Review. | Chen R et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Exosome-mediated microglia-astrocyte interactions drive neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease with Peli1 as a potential therapeutic target. | Guo M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Exosomes: a promising microenvironment modulator for spinal cord injury treatment. | Ma Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Exosome-shuttled miR-5121 from A2 astrocytes promotes BSCB repair after traumatic SCI by activating autophagy in vascular endothelial cells. | Wang X et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis pathogenesis alters along animal age: impact of S100B expression. | Ribeiro AR et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Exploration of Cytokines That Impact the Therapeutic Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Alzheimer's Disease. | Wang H et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Exploring [11C]CPPC as a CSF1R-targeted PET imaging marker for early Parkinson's disease severity. | Mills KA et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Exploring human brain development and disease using assembloids. | Wu SR et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Exploring the causal influence of 731 immune cells on 4 different glaucoma subtypes using a two-sample mendelian randomization method. | Han X et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Exploring the Expanded Role of Astrocytes in Primate Brain Evolution via Changes in Gene Expression. | Rickelton K et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Exploring the mechanism of Pujin oral liquid in the treatment of preterm white matter injury using network pharmacology and molecular docking. | Gong XR et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Exposure to a nanoplastic-enriched diet for fourteen days increases microglial immunoreactivity in the zebrafish telencephalon. | Mans RA et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Extracellular cold-inducible RNA-binding protein in CNS injury: molecular insights and therapeutic approaches. | Lapin D et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Extracellular Vesicles and Purinergic Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease-Joining Forces for Novel Therapeutic Approach. | Lewandowska J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Extracellular vesicles derived from different brain tissue cells: A potential therapeutic measure for hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in immature brains. | Guan Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Extracellular Vesicles Derived from FGF2-Primed Astrocytes Against Mitochondrial and Synaptic Toxicities in Parkinson's Disease. | Wen X et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Extracellular vesicles released from endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier mediate brain Iron accumulation during LPS-induced brain Inflammation | Palsa K et al. | — | 2025 | — |
| FABP7 Expression Modulates the Response of Astrocytes to Induced Endotoxemia. | Bresque M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Fasting the brain for mental health. | Perez-Kast RC et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Fc-Modified IVIG with Enhanced Blood-Brain Barrier Penetration Ameliorates Cognitive Deficits and Neuropathology in A53T α-Synuclein Transgenic Mice. | Zhu J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanistic Insights Through the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis and Therapeutic Prospects. | Ren J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Fibrillar amyloidosis and synaptic vesicle protein expression progress jointly in the cortex of a mouse model with β-amyloid pathology. | Kunze LH et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Fibrinogen and Neuroinflammation in the Neurovascular Unit in Stroke. | Chen Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Fibroblast Growth Factor 8 Suppresses Neurotoxic Astrocytes and Alleviates Neuropathic Pain via Spinal FGFR3 Signaling. | Liu H et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Flexible Living Artificial Dura Mater for Efficient Therapy of Central Nervous System Injury Based on Neuronal Differentiation and Neuroprotective A2 Astrocyte Activation. | Yang H et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| From blood vessels to brain cells: Connecting the circulatory system and Parkinson's disease. | Olaoye OJ et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| From genetic roots to recent advancements in gene therapy targeting amyloid beta in Alzheimer's disease. | Peyvand P et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| From neuroinflammation to gliomagenesis: immune drivers of malignant transformation in the CNS. | Bao Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| From nonalcoholic fatty liver disease to neuroinflammation: the role of chronic systemic inflammation. | Huang X et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| From Stress to Substance Use Disorders: The Expanding Role of Microglia-Astrocyte Crosstalk in Neuroimmune and Glutamate Alterations in the Nucleus Accumbens. | Cancela LM et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Functional characteristics, intercellular interactions and pathophysiological associations of astrocytes in Parkinson's disease. | Li Z et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Functional contribution of astrocytic Kir4.1 channels to spasticity after spinal cord injury. | Barbay T et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Functional Specificity of Astrocyte Subtypes in Alzheimer's Disease: Decoding Disease Mechanisms Through Network-based Analysis of Integrated Single-Nuclei Multi-Omic Data. | İlgün A et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| GADD45G operates as a pathological sensor orchestrating reactive gliosis and neurodegeneration. | Shen T et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Galangin reduces MPTP-induced dopamine neuron injury via the autophagy dependent-PI3K/AKT pathway. | Huang L et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Gastrodin inhibits reactive astrocyte-mediated inflammation in hypoxic-ischemic brain damage through S100B/RAGE-Smad3 signaling. | Wang P et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Gemistocytic tumor cells programmed for glial scarring characterize T cell confinement in IDH-mutant astrocytoma. | van Hijfte L et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Gene Therapy of Adrenomyeloneuropathy: Challenges, Target Cells, and Prospectives. | Bougnères P et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Genetic Ablation of Sarm1 Mitigates Disease Acceleration after Traumatic Brain Injury in the SOD1<sup>G93A</sup> Transgenic Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. | Dogan EO et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Ginsenoside Rk1 alleviates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cognitive impairment by modulating synaptic plasticity. | Zhang X et al. | — | 2025 | → |
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| Glial Cells and Aging: From the CNS to the Cerebellum. | La Sala G et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Glial Cells as Emerging Therapeutic Targets in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Mechanistic Insights and Translational Perspectives. | Vishnumukkala T et al. | — | 2025 | → |
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| Glial Malignancies. | Baker SJ et al. | — | 2025 | → |
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| Glial reactivity and cognitive decline follow chronic heterochromatin loss in neurons. | Newman AG et al. | — | 2025 | → |
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| Glioblastoma Immunotherapy Adjuvants for Glial Cell Polarization Regulation. | Park JS et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Glioinflammation: disease-associated microglia and astrocytes in psychiatric disorders, neurodegeneration, and senescence. | Uemura K et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Global research trends of neuroinflammation in perioperative neurocognitive dysfunction: a bibliometric analysis. | Huang S et al. | — | 2025 | → |
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| Neutrophils induce astrocytic AQP4 expression via IL-1α and TNF, contributing to cerebral oedema in ischaemic stroke rats. | Sugimoto K et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Neutrophils in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Roles, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Implications. | Chu J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| New insights into acute ischemic stroke from the perspective of spatial omics. | Deng X et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| New Insights into the Role of Cellular Senescence and Its Therapeutic Implications in Ocular Diseases. | Wu J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| NLRP3 inflammasome in neuroinflammation and central nervous system diseases. | Xu W et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| NMDA receptor antagonists mitigate COVID-19-induced neuroinflammation and improve survival in a mouse model. | Prantzalos ER et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Non-canonical Roles of Complement in the CNS: From Synaptic Organizer to Presynaptic Modulator of Glutamate Transmission. | Pittaluga A et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Non-neuronal brain biology and its relevance to animal welfare. | Lawrence AB et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Nose-to-Brain Delivery of Chlorella vulgaris Extracellular Vesicles for Antidepressant Effects. | Jin K et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Novel floxed cannabinoid receptor 2 mouse line combines knockout capability with dual fluorescent reporters. | Laloli KJ et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Nrf2 Deficiency in Müller Cells Exacerbates Pathological Neovascularization in Ischemic Retinopathy. | Xu Z et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Oligodendrocyte-astrocyte crosstalk in Parkinson's disease mediates neuronal ferroptosis via the FGF signaling pathway. | Zhang S et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Oligodendrocyte-specific knockout of FPN1 affects CNS myelination defects and depression-like behavior in mice. | Zhang N et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| On astrocyte-neuron interactions: Broad insights from the striatum. | Khakh BS | — | 2025 | → |
| Optogenetic regulation of chloride ions in reactive astrocytes may mitigate Parkinson's disease pathology. | Lee EJ et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Overexpressed CD73 attenuates GSDMD-mediated astrocyte pyroptosis induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through the A2B/NF-κB pathway. | Zhuang H et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Paeoniflorin as a potential therapeutic agent for cerebrovascular diseases: A comprehensive review. | Wang YR et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Palmitate-Induced Primary Rat Senescent Astrocytes Exhibit Higher Inflammatory Activity and a Distinct Transcriptomic Profile Compared to Reactive Astrocytes. | López-Teros M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Parkinson's disease beyond the brain: implications for treatments. | Malekian Naeini S et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Parthenolide regulates microglial and astrocyte function in primary cultures from ALS mice and has neuroprotective effects on primary motor neurons. | Thau-Habermann N et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Pathomechanism of postoperative delirium: Systemic inflammatory response and neuroinflammation following anesthesia/surgery. | Li T et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Pathophysiological pathways of post-traumatic stress disorder in relation to traumatic brain injury: An observational cross-sectional study. | Daria R et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Pathways to Progressive Disability in Multiple Sclerosis: The Role of Glial Cells in Chronic CNS Inflammation. | Siffrin V | — | 2025 | → |
| Peripheral and central neuroimmune mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. | Zhang S et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Peripheral monocyte transcriptional signatures of inflammation and oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease. | Thome AD et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Perivascular glial reactivity is a feature of phosphorylated tau lesions in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. | Osterman C et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Perivascular space and white matter hyperintensities in Alzheimer's disease: associations with disease progression and cognitive function. | Schirge PM et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Pharmacological and therapeutic innovation to mitigate radiation-induced cognitive decline (RICD) in brain tumor patients. | Raj JAT et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Pharmacologically increasing O-GlcNAcylation increases complexity of astrocytes in the dentate gyrus of TgF344-AD rats. | Garcia ML et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| PHLPP1 deficiency alleviates dopaminergic neurodegeneration and represses neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease. | Chen Z et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Photocuring CsA and bFGF-embedded hemostatic hydrogel promotes recovery from TBI by mitigating ferroptosis and neuroinflammation. | Shen J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Physical Activity and Depression in Breast Cancer Patients: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. | Li A et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Physical Exercise Decreases Complement-Mediated Synaptic Loss and Protects Against Cognitive Impairment by Inhibiting Microglial Tmem9-ATP6V0D1 in Alzheimer's Disease. | Li S et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Piezo1 and tissue fibrosis: insights into its role and potential for modulation. | Lin Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Piezo1 in microglial cells: Implications for neuroinflammation and tumorigenesis. | Yang B et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Piezo-Nanowired Stem Cells: Ultrasound-Powered Neuronal Commitment for Rapid Neural Circuit Reconstruction after Traumatic Brain Injury. | Li K et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Pioneering pain management with botulinum toxin type A: From anti-inflammation to regenerative therapies. | Rahmatipour H et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Plant-derived natural products modulate astrocyte function: Therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease. | Wei H et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Plexin-B1 safeguards astrocyte agility and glial alignment to facilitate wound corralling and axon pathfinding in mouse spinal cord injury model. | Ni H et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Point-of-Injury Treatment with Hydrogel Containing Dexamethasone Improves Cognitive Function and Reduces Secondary Injury Response After TBI. | Jones CE et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Polygenic associations with clinical and neuropathological trait heterogeneity across TDP-43 proteinopathies. | Spencer BE et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Polymer Network-Based Nanogels and Microgels: Design, Classification, Synthesis, and Applications in Drug Delivery. | Sutradhar SC et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Poly-γ-glutamic acid alleviates cytotoxicity and inflammation induced by pre-formed fibrils of α-synuclein in murine primary astrocytes. | Novello C et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Porphyromonas gingivalis and Its Outer Membrane Vesicles Induce Neuroinflammation in Mice Through Distinct Mechanisms. | Qiu Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Post-translational modifications regulating microglial inflammation in central nervous system disorders: a review. | Wang X et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Potassium homeostasis during disease progression of Alzheimer's disease. | Samokhina E et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Potential roles for microglia in drug addiction: Adolescent neurodevelopment and beyond. | Martinez MX et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Pramipexole decreases allodynia and hyperalgesia via NF-κB in astrocytes in rats with Parkinson's disease. | Godínez-Chaparro B et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Preferential clustering of microglia and astrocytes around neuritic plaques during progression of Alzheimer's disease neuropathological changes. | Tsering W et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Pre-surgical memory impairment is associated with risk of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in a large geriatric cohort. | Granger KT et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Preventive effect of a garlic compound on astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease. | Seol J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Prion propensity of Betacoronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2. | Haddad H et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Progranulin deficiency in the brain: the interplay between neuronal and non-neuronal cells. | Gaweda-Walerych K et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Progressive activation of the astrocyte A1 phenotype underlies microglia-astroglia crosstalk and contributes to neuroinflammation in neuronopathic MPS. | Parente A et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Progressive Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in Sleep-Restricted Young Mice: Cellular Senescence and Neuroinflammation Crosstalk. | Avilez-Avilez JJ et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Proinflammatory transcriptomic and kinomic alterations in astrocytes derived from patients with familial Alzheimer's disease. | Siciliano B et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Protection of <i>Tricholoma matsutake</i> and Its Bioactive Components against Cognitive Impairment: Modulating Oxidative Stress, Alleviating Neuroinflammation, and Preserving Synaptic Plasticity. | Lv R et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Protective exercise responses in the dentate gyrus of Alzheimer's disease mouse model revealed with single-nucleus RNA-sequencing. | da Rocha JF et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Rapid decline of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of axonal injury and neuroinflammation after initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV. | Renborg L et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Reactive astrocyte-derived neurotoxicity is mitigated by vitronectin in traumatic brain injury mouse model. | Yamashita M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Reactive Astrocytes in Glioma: Emerging Opportunities and Challenges. | Wu J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Reactive Microglia and Astrocytes as Therapeutic Targets in Prion Diseases. | Makarava N et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| (Re)building the nervous system: A review of neuron-glia interactions from development to disease. | Demmings MD et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Recent advances in targeting LRRK2 for Parkinson's disease treatment. | Karami M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Reconstructing Alzheimer's disease one cell type at a time using in vitro tricultures. | Giovannucci TA et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Redox modulation of the complement cascade contributes to synapse loss in Alzheimer's disease. | Oh CK et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Reduced expression of <i>Pss</i> gene in <i>Drosophila</i> cortex glia causes dopaminergic cell death. | Pak B et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Reduced glymphatic clearance in early psychosis. | Hua L et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Refining the interactions between microglia and astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease pathology. | Chen J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Regulating astrocyte phenotype by Lcn2 inhibition toward ischemic stroke therapy. | Xiao R et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Relationships between neuropsychiatric symptoms, subtypes of astrocyte activities, and brain pathologies in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. | Li OY et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Remote photobiomodulation ameliorates behavioral and neuropathological outcomes in a rat model of repeated closed head injury. | Wu C et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Repeated lidocaine exposure induces synaptic and cognitive impairment in aged mice by activating microglia and neurotoxic A1 astrocytes. | Chen X et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Repurposing Artemisinin-Based Drugs from Antimalarial to Pan-Therapeutic: Pharmacological Promise and Therapeutic Challenges. | Wu D et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Research Progress of Lipid Metabolism-Mediated Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. | Shen Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Research progress on the role of exercise-regulated reactive astrocytes in the prevention and treatment of Parkinson's disease. | Yang Q et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Research Trends and Evolution of Astrocytes in Depression and Antidepressant Treatment: A Bibliometric Analysis. | Pan SM et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Research trends and frontiers of astrocytes in cognitive impairment: a bibliometric analysis from 2015 to 2024. | Huang Z et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Response of astrocytes and their interaction with surrounding brain cells after acute ischemia-reperfusion analyzed by single-cell transcriptome sequencing. | Wu Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Reticuline modulates astrocyte and microglial responses to enhance prognosis after traumatic brain injury. | Xu S et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Revealing rutaecarpine's promise: A pathway to parkinson's disease relief through PPAR modulation. | Wang Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Revisiting oligodendrocytes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using human multicellular stem cell models. | Mouhi S et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Revisiting the critical roles of reactive microglia in traumatic brain injury. | Zhao JY et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Revisiting the Pathogenesis of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy. | Bougnères P et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Role of astrocyte in neuroinflammation-induced loss in neuroplasticity and subsequent onset of depression: A systematic review. | Singhal G et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Role of astrocytes and microglia in hepatic encephalopathy associated with advanced chronic liver disease: lessons from animal studies. | Claeys W et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Role of Astrocytic and Microglial Phenotype in the Biology of Hippocampal Sclerosis. | Goyal A et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Role of astroglia and microglia in Alzheimer's disease and multiple therapeutic interventions. | Li L et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Role of clonal inflammatory microglia in histiocytosis-associated neurodegeneration. | Vicario R et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Role of FPR2 antagonism in alleviating social isolation-induced depression and protecting blood-brain barrier integrity. | Zheng J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Role of glial cells in motor neuron degeneration in hereditary spastic paraplegias. | Vijayaraghavan M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Role of lipocalin-2 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. | Wang Z et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Role of Reactive Astrocytes and Microglia: Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Neuroprotection and Repair in Parkinson's Disease. | Grasso M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Role of transforming growth factorβ in neurovascular unit during cerebral small vessel disease. | Li Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Roles for Exosomes from Various Cellular Sources in Spinal Cord Injury. | Mao W et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Roles, Functions, and Pathological Implications of Exosomes in the Central Nervous System. | Spinelli S et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Rotenone targets midbrain astrocytes to produce glial dysfunction-mediated dopaminergic neurodegeneration. | Miyazaki I et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| SARM1 deletion inhibits astrogliosis and BBB damage through Jagged-1/Notch-1/NF-κB signaling to improve neurological function after ischemic stroke. | Fu YQ et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| SARS-CoV-2 spike triggers TLR7-dependent endolysosome dysfunction and senescence in human astrocytes. | Hasler WA et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Schisandrin B ameliorates Alzheimer's disease by suppressing neuronal ferroptosis and ensuing microglia M1 polarization. | Ding T et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Schizophrenia-associated complement component C4 induces maturation and reactivity in human astrocytes. | Nóbrega IS et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Selective deletion of interleukin-1 alpha in microglia does not modify acute outcome but may regulate neurorepair processes after experimental ischemic stroke. | Lemarchand E et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Serum glial fibrillary acid protein associates with TSPO-expressing lesions in multiple sclerosis brain. | Sjöros T et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Severity of Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Depends on Microglial Heme Oxygenase-1 and Carbon Monoxide. | Kaiser S et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Sex- and age-dependent neurovascular abnormalities linked to neuroinflammation lead to exacerbated post-ischemic brain injury in Marfan syndrome mice. | Manich G et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Shear Conditioning Promotes Microvascular Endothelial Barrier Resilience in a Human BBB-on-a-Chip Model of Systemic Inflammation Leading to Astrogliosis. | Chen K et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Short-term PS-NP exposure in early adulthood induces neuronal damage in middle-aged mice via microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. | Shan S et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Induce a Chronic Inflammatory Phenotype in Healthy Astrocytes Unresolved by Anti-Retroviral Therapy. | Van Zandt AR et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Single-cell multiregion epigenomic rewiring in Alzheimer's disease progression and cognitive resilience. | Liu Z et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of the Primary Visual Cortex in Mice With Optic Nerve Injury. | Li D et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Single-cell transcriptomic and functional studies identify glial state changes and a role for inflammatory RIPK1 signaling in ALS pathogenesis. | Zelic M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Single-nucleus RNA sequencing and network pharmacology reveal the mediation of fisetin on neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. | Cao T et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Single-nucleus RNA sequencing reveals GABAergic vulnerability and reactive gliosis driven by loss of TDP-43. | Thapa R et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Single-nucleus transcriptomic profiling reveals temporal dynamics of neuroinflammation and myelin repair after intracerebral haemorrhage. | Chen Z et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Single-Nucleus Transcriptomics Reveals Glial Metabolic-Immune Rewiring and Intercellular Signaling Disruption in Chronic Migraine. | Hu S et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Single-nucleus transcriptomics reveals sepsis-related neurovascular dysfunction in the human hippocampus. | Liu L et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Sinomenine in cerebral ischemia: mechanisms, delivery strategies, and the emerging multifunctional biomaterials of the bone-brain axis. | Li X et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Sleep deprivation and risk for Parkinson's disease: evidence and therapeutic implications. | Zhou T et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| snCED-seq: high-fidelity cryogenic enzymatic dissociation of nuclei for single-nucleus RNA-seq of FFPE tissues. | Guo Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Sodium hydrogen sulfide restores H<sub>2</sub>S-synthesizing and degrading enzymes to alleviate glial activation after traumatic brain injury in male mice. | Nasir F et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Sox9 regulation of hexokinase 1 controls neuroinflammatory astrocyte subtypes in a rat model of neuropathic pain. | Chen Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| SOX Genes in Spinal Cord Injury: Redefining Neural Stem Cell Regeneration Strategies. | Dhar A et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Spatial mutual nearest neighbors for spatial transcriptomics data. | Zhou H et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Spatial transcriptomic alterations of the dorsal horn in dogs with neuropathic pain. | Pedersen TR et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Spatiotemporal analysis of gene expression in the human dentate gyrus reveals age-associated changes in cellular maturation and neuroinflammation. | Ramnauth AD et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Spatiotemporal Immune Dynamics in Experimental Retinal Ganglion Cell Injury Models. | Yang C et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Spatiotemporal transcriptomic maps of mouse intracerebral hemorrhage at single-cell resolution. | Xiang R et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Special Issue "Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Epilepsy-3rd Edition": Emerging Frontiers in Neuroinflammation, Network Remodeling, and Therapy. | Zaitsev AV | — | 2025 | → |
| Sphingomyelin regulates astrocyte activity by regulating NF-κB signaling via HDAC1/3 expression. | Kadowaki R et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Spinal astrocytes involved in the pathogenesis and treatment of neuropathic pain. | Li X et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Therapeutic Signaling in Spinal Cord Injury. | Poongodi R et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Stem cell extracellular vesicles: a new dawn for anti-inflammatory treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. | Yu M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Stimulation at the frontal cortex influences the exercise activity and skeletal muscle status in senescence-accelerating mice. | Nagaoka N et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Structure and function of the blood-brain barrier in perioperative neurocognitive disorders. | Su Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Structure-Inspired Lineage-Specific Matrix for Endogenous Neurogenesis in Spinal Cord Injury. | Wu B et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Study on the anti-Parkinson's disease activity mechanism and preparation of panaxadiol. | Xu L et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Study on the Polarization of Astrocytes in the Optic Nerve Head of Rats Under High Intraocular Pressure: In Vitro. | Ma B et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Sustained-Release Photothermal Microneedles for Postoperative Incisional Analgesia and Wound Healing via Hydrogen Therapy. | Zhang A et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Synaptic dysfunction and glial activation markers throughout aging and early neurodegeneration: a longitudinal CSF biomarker-based study. | Muñoz-García MI et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Systemic inhibition of soluble TNF significantly changes glial cell populations leading to improved myelin integrity and better functional outcome after experimental stroke. | Thougaard E et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Systemic Rejuvenating Interventions: Perspectives on Neuroinflammation and Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity. | de Rezende VL et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Targeted delivery of BACE1 siRNA for synergistic treatment of Alzheimer's disease. | Li Z et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Targeting Connexin 43 in Retinal Astrocytes Promotes Neuronal Survival in Glaucomatous Injury. | Batsuuri K et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Targeting Neurodegeneration with SGLT2is: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Implications. | Asadinejad H et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Targeting Neuroinflammation in Central Nervous System Diseases by Oral Delivery of Lipid Nanoparticles. | Zou Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Targeting Neuroinflammation in Preterm White Matter Injury: Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes. | Zhang X et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Targeting the Glial Scar: Biomaterial and Drug-Based Strategies for Modulation In Vitro. | Schlotterose L et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Targeting the glymphatic system: Aβ accumulation and phototherapy strategies across different stages of Alzheimer's disease. | Zhao D et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Telomere Attrition-Induced Senescence in Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Astrocytes: Distinct Cellular and Functional Characteristics. | Kim D et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Temporally resolved single-cell RNA sequencing reveals protective and pathological responses during herpes simplex virus CNS infection. | Ding X et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Temporal Progression of Recognition Memory Impairment, Astrogliosis, and Cholinergic Dysfunction in the Streptozotocin Rat Model of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. | Niño-Rivero S et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| TGF-β signaling regulates gene expression, phagocytosis, and cell proliferation and supports glial cell survival in primary rat mixed glial cell cultures. | Nakajima T et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The ABC transporter A7 modulates neuroinflammation via NLRP3 inflammasome in Alzheimer's disease mice. | Santos-García I et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The anti-inflammatory drug Montelukast ameliorates cognitive deficits by rescuing the inflammatory levels in young AD animal models. | Wu M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The application of telmisartan in central nervous system disorders. | Quan W et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The Biflavonoid Agathisflavone Regulates Microglial and Astrocytic Inflammatory Profiles via Glucocorticoid Receptor. | Almeida ÁMAN et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The brain washing system in sepsis-associated encephalopathy. | Chen T et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The complement cascade in Alzheimer's disease: modern implications of an ancient immune protagonist. | Papavergi MT et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The Complex Role of the Complement C3a Receptor (C3aR) in Cerebral Injury and Recovery Following Ischemic Stroke. | Akhter N et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The Contribution of Complement System in Multiple Sclerosis: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potentials. | Cao R et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The dual nature of neuroinflammation in networked brain. | Müller L et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The Dual Role of Microglia in Multiple Sclerosis and its Implications for Diagnostics and Repair. | Goulart MT et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The effect of PU/MWCNT nanofiber scaffolds containing hesperidin nanoparticles and mesenchymal stem cells on the microglia and astrocyte phenotype in the spinal cord injury model. | Babaloo H et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The EIF2α-PERK Signaling Pathway Mediates Manganese Exposure-Induced A1-Type Astrocytes Activation via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. | Wang J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The expression and association of MATK in chronic hypoperfusion patients with white matter hyperintensity. | Zhao M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The Future of PET Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis: Characterisation of Individual White Matter Lesions. | van der Weijden CWJ et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The Glial Scar: To Penetrate or Not for Motor Pathway Restoration? | Sekiya T et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The GLP1R Agonist Semaglutide Inhibits Reactive Astrocytes and Enhances the Efficacy of Neural Stem Cell Transplantation Therapy in Parkinson's Disease Mice. | Song D et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The glymphatic system as a therapeutic target: TMS-induced modulation in older adults. | Sundman MH et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The gut microbiome controls reactive astrocytosis during Aβ amyloidosis via propionate-mediated regulation of IL-17. | Chandra S et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The Hallmarks of Ageing in Microglia. | Carr L et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The impact of apolipoprotein E, type ∊4 allele on Alzheimer's disease pathological biomarkers: a comprehensive post-mortem pilot-analysis. | Wan Z et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The Inflammatory Bridge Between Type 2 Diabetes and Neurodegeneration: A Molecular Perspective. | Kacem H et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The interaction between pain and mental disorders: An interdisciplinary analysis through bibliometrics. | Tan Z et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The meninges host a distinct compartment of regulatory T cells that preserves brain homeostasis. | Marin-Rodero M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The microbiota-gut-brain axis in mental and neurodegenerative disorders: opportunities for prevention and intervention. | Yassin LK et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The Mitochondrial-Astrocyte-Neuron Triad Hypothesis in Parkinson's Disease: A Toxic Feedback Loop of Metabolism, Aggregation, and Oxidative Stress. | Walecha V et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The m<sup>6</sup>A Modification in Neurodegenerative Disease: A Cellular Perspective. | Wang S et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The Multifaceted Role of Neuroprotectin D1: Physiological, Pathophysiological, and Pharmacological Insights in Neurodegenerative Diseases. | Zia B et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The multifaceted roles of apolipoprotein E4 in Alzheimer's disease pathology and potential therapeutic strategies. | Chen Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The neuroimmune interface in retinal regeneration. | Bhattacharya S et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia regulates repetitive behavior by modulating NMDA glutamate receptor functions. | Jung H et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The pathophysiology of mixed Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. | Sarhan M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The phytoestrogen genistein improves hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive impairment and decreases neuroinflammation in an animal model of metabolic syndrome. | Ronchetti S et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The protecting role of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on the retinal neurovascular units in rats with retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. | Long D et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The protective PLCγ2-P522R variant mitigates Alzheimer's disease-associated pathologies by enhancing beneficial microglial functions. | Takalo M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The protein kinase C modulator bryostatin-1 therapeutically targets microglia to attenuate neuroinflammation and promote remyelination. | Gharibani P et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Therapeutic targeting of neuroinflammation in sphingolipidosis. | Ada E et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The regulation of microglia by aging and autophagy in multiple sclerosis. | Wang X et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The role and mechanism of fatty acid-binding protein 7 in spinal reactive astrocytes in prolonged postoperative pain induced by high-fat diet. | Zheng H et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The Role of Antioxidant Compounds from Citrus Waste in Modulating Neuroinflammation: A Sustainable Solution. | Silla A et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The role of astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles in cellular microenvironment remodeling after spinal cord injury: A study based on quantitative proteomics analysis. | Zhu Z et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The role of astrocyte metabolic reprogramming in ischemic stroke (Review). | Chen W et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The role of astrocytes in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: An update. | Dury LC et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The Role of Astrocytes in Synaptic Dysfunction and Memory Deficits in Alzheimer's Disease. | Muñoz de León-López CA et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The Role of Astrocytes in the Molecular Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia: Between Neurodevelopment and Neurodegeneration. | Vellucci L et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The Role of Glial Cells in the Pathophysiology of Epilepsy. | Onat F et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The role of gut microbiota in neuropathic pain: insights into immune mechanisms. | Gong Z et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The role of immune cells glycolysis in neuroinflammation secondary to intracerebral hemorrhage. | Luo B et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The role of microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: from the perspective of ferroptosis. | Liu YJ et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The Role of Neuroinflammation and Network Anomalies in Drug-Resistant Epilepsy. | Shi J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The role of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis in astrocytes during hyperoxia-induced brain injury. | Liu Q et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The role of polarization dynamics in macrophages and microglia on the inflammatory microenvironment of spinal cord injury. | Hu Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The role of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics: cellular and molecular pathways activated on glial cells in Alzheimer's disease. | Patricio-Martínez A et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The role of the adaptive immune system in the initiation and persistence of multiple sclerosis. | Afzali AM et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The roles of microglia and astrocytes in neuroinflammation of Alzheimer's disease. | Han J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The roles of ROCK2/CBS-H<sub>2</sub>S pathway in the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. | Yin X et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The SAP130/Mincle axis was involved in sevoflurane-induced neuronal death and microglial activation in juvenile mice. | Zhou ZH et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The secret life of complement: challenges and opportunities in exploring functions of the complosome in disease. | Freiwald T et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The tale of donanemab: God is in the details. | Saido TC et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The therapeutic effects and mechanisms of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in neurocognitive disorders. | Si J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The transcriptional and cellular landscape of cognitive resilience to Alzheimer's disease. | Khera N et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Thoracic Spinal Cord Contusion Impacts on Lumbar Enlargement: Molecular Insights. | Kabdesh I et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| TIGAR plays neuroprotective roles in MPP<sup>+</sup>/MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease by alleviating ferroptosis. | Sheng YC et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Toll-Like Receptor 4-Mediated Neuroinflammation: Updates on Pathological Roles and Therapeutic Strategies in Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion. | Yawoot N et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Toluene Toxicity in the Brain: From Cellular Targets to Molecular Mechanisms. | Shaw AA et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Traditional Chinese Medicine Natural Products Targeting Shared Mechanisms of T2DM and AD: Potential Therapeutic Insights. | Song B et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Transcranial direct current stimulation alleviates chronic pain in knee osteoarthritis by modulating microglial and astrocytic polarization and neuroinflammation. | Liu R et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Transcranial photobiomodulation promotes traumatic brain injury recovery via modulating glial cell polarization and neuroinflammation: a study of 1064 nm light-emitting diodes. | Chen G et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Transcriptional and neuroprotective effects of hexokinase-2 inhibitors administered after stroke. | Won SJ et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Transcriptional dynamics of the oligodendrocyte lineage and its regulation by the brain erythropoietin system. | Ye L et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Transferrin receptor-targeted anti-amyloid antibody enhances brain delivery and mitigates ARIA. | Pizzo ME et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Traumatic Brain Injury and Alzheimer's Disease: A Shared Neurovascular Hypothesis. | Cognacq G et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease related neurodegenerative diseases: Insights from animal models. | Zhao X et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Treadmill Exercise Modulates the Leptin/LepR/GSK-3β Signalling Pathway to Improve Leptin Sensitivity and Alleviate Neuroinflammation in High-Fat Diet-Fed APP/PS1 Mice. | Wang J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| TREM1-Microglia crosstalk: Neurocognitive disorders. | Li H et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Triglyceride metabolism controls inflammation and microglial phenotypes associated with APOE4. | Stephenson RA et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| TSG-6 Protects Against Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via Upregulating Hsp70-1B in Astrocytes. | Qu Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| TSPO contributes to neuropathology and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease. | Ceyzériat K et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Ultrastructural Characteristics of the Juvenile Chum Salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus keta</i>) Cerebellum: Interneuron Composition, Neuro-Glial Interactions, Homeostatic Neurogenesis, and Synaptic Plasticity. | Pushchina EV et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Uncovering New Therapeutic Targets for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Neurological Diseases Using Real-World Data. | Alidoost M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Uncovering plaque-glia niches in human Alzheimer's disease brains using spatial transcriptomics. | Avey DR et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Understanding glaucoma as astrocyte-driven neurodegeneration in the optic nerve head: an integrative clinicopathological perspective. | Lee EJ et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Unlocking extracellular mitochondria from bench to clinical application in stroke. | Hamanaka G et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Unlocking the potential of GLP-1 receptor agonists in ocular therapeutics: from molecular pathways to clinical impact. | Xie Z et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Unveiling the P2X7 receptor: Exploring its mechanisms, pathogenic role in ocular diseases, and emerging therapeutic potential. | Chen KY et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Unveiling the Protective Roles of Melatonin on Glial Cells in the Battle Against Alzheimer's Disease-Insights from In Vivo and In Vitro Studies. | Sirimaharaj N et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Upregulated astrocytic HDAC7 induces depression-like disorders via deacetylating PINK1 and inhibiting mitophagy. | Yue RZ et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Urolithin A Enhances Tight Junction Protein Expression in Endothelial Cells Cultured In Vitro via Pink1-Parkin-Mediated Mitophagy in Irradiated Astrocytes. | Lu G et al. | — | 2025 | → |
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| VEXAS Syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease-Are There Connections? | Sowa A et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Vincristine Regulates C/EBP-β/TGF-β1 to Promote A1 Astrocyte Polarization and Induce Neuropathic Pain. | Chen Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
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| Visualising the Knowledge Structure of Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease: A CiteSpace Analysis. | Wang Q et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Vitamin C reduces the loss of retinal ganglion cells in chronic glaucoma by inhibiting neuroinflammation. | Mou Z et al. | — | 2025 | → |
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| WDR49-Positive Astrocytes Mark Severity of Neurodegeneration in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration and Alzheimer's Disease. | Rajicic A et al. | — | 2025 | → |
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| Advances in genetically modified neural stem cell therapy for central nervous system injury and neurological diseases. | Tang X et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Astrocytes contribute to toll-like receptor 2-mediated neurodegeneration and alpha-synuclein pathology in a human midbrain Parkinson's model. | Weiss F et al. | — | 2024 | → |
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| Glial cells improve Parkinson's disease by modulating neuronal function and regulating neuronal ferroptosis. | Li M et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Glucocorticoid-Dependent Retinal Degeneration and Vision Impairment in Mice Susceptible to Prenatal Stress-Induced Behavioral Abnormalities. | Ryu MO et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Human platelet lysate: a potential therapeutic for intracerebral hemorrhage. | Qiu D et al. | — | 2024 | → |
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| Inflammatory cytokines disrupt astrocyte exosomal HepaCAM-mediated protection against neuronal excitotoxicity in the SOD1G93A ALS model. | Jin S et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| <i>Tet2</i>-mediated clonal hematopoiesis modestly improves neurological deficits and is associated with inflammation resolution in the subacute phase of experimental stroke. | Evans MA et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Major ozonated autohemotherapy promoted functional recovery following spinal cord injury in adult rats via the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation. | Xia L et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Mapping the current trends and hotspots of extracellular vesicles in Alzheimer's disease: a bibliometric analysis. | Xing X et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Mechanisms and Emerging Regulators of Neuroinflammation: Exploring New Therapeutic Strategies for Neurological Disorders. | Kim ME et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Microglial cannabinoid receptor type II stimulation improves cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease mice by controlling astrocyte activation. | Sobue A et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Microglia Mediate Metabolic Dysfunction From Common Air Pollutants Through NF-κB Signaling. | Debarba LK et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Multitarget Effects of Nrf2 Signalling in the Brain: Common and Specific Functions in Different Cell Types. | Navarro E et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Neonatal Brain Injury Triggers Niche-Specific Changes to Cellular Biogeography. | Tahmasian N et al. | — | 2024 | → |
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| Pathologic and clinical correlates of region-specific brain GFAP in Alzheimer's disease. | Phillips JM et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Pharmacological Inhibition of Astrocytic Transglutaminase 2 Facilitates the Expression of a Neurosupportive Astrocyte Reactive Phenotype in Association with Increased Histone Acetylation. | Delgado T et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Pharmacological Network Analysis of the Functions and Mechanism of Quercetin From Jisuikang (JSK) in Spinal Cord Injury (SCI). | Dong L et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Promoting remyelination in central nervous system diseases: Potentials and prospects of natural products and herbal medicine. | Zhu H et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Radiation-Induced Brain Injury: Mechanistic Insights and the Promise of Gut-Brain Axis Therapies. | Li M et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Regulation of dynamic spatiotemporal inflammation by nanomaterials in spinal cord injury. | Liu Z et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Repurposing FDA-Approved Drugs Against Potential Drug Targets Involved in Brain Inflammation Contributing to Alzheimer's Disease. | Sharo C et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Research hotspots and trends on NF-κB in cognitive impairment: a bibliometric analysis. | Bai L et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Should We Consider Neurodegeneration by Itself or in a Triangulation with Neuroinflammation and Demyelination? The Example of Multiple Sclerosis and Beyond. | Perdaens O et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Supportive care or exhausted neglect: the role of microglia at the end stage of prion disease. | Lawson VA | — | 2024 | → |
| Systemic Administration of a Site-Targeted Complement Inhibitor Attenuates Chronic Stress-Induced Social Behavior Deficits and Neuroinflammation in Mice. | Madeshiya AK et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| The current research status of the mechanisms and treatment of radioactive brain injury. | Wang Y et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| The Phenotype Changes of Astrocyte During Different Ischemia Conditions. | Meng F et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| The role of astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease: a bibliometric analysis. | An X et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| The Role of Inflammatory Cascade and Reactive Astrogliosis in Glial Scar Formation Post-spinal Cord Injury. | Bhatt M et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| The Role of Neuroglia in the Development and Progression of Schizophrenia. | Rawani NS et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Unravelling neuronal and glial differences in ceramide composition, synthesis, and sensitivity to toxicity. | McInnis JJ et al. | — | 2024 | → |