Ultrasensitive fluorescent proteins for imaging neuronal activity.
- Authors
- Chen, Tsai-Wen; Wardill, Trevor J; Sun, Yi; Pulver, Stefan R; Renninger, Sabine L; Baohan, Amy; Schreiter, Eric R; Kerr, Rex A; Orger, Michael B; Jayaraman, Vivek; Looger, Loren L; Svoboda, Karel; Kim, Douglas S
- Year
- 2013
- Journal
- Nature
- PMID
- 23868258
- DOI
- 10.1038/nature12354
- PMCID
- PMC3777791
Fluorescent calcium sensors are widely used to image neural activity. Using structure-based mutagenesis and neuron-based screening, we developed a family of ultrasensitive protein calcium sensors (GCaMP6) that outperformed other sensors in cultured neurons and in zebrafish, flies and mice in vivo. In layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons of the mouse visual cortex, GCaMP6 reliably detected single action potentials in neuronal somata and orientation-tuned synaptic calcium transients in individual dendritic spines. The orientation tuning of structurally persistent spines was largely stable over timescales of weeks. Orientation tuning averaged across spine populations predicted the tuning of their parent cell. Although the somata of GABAergic neurons showed little orientation tuning, their dendrites included highly tuned dendritic segments (5-40-Β΅m long). GCaMP6 sensors thus provide new windows into the organization and dynamics of neural circuits over multiple spatial and temporal scales.
GCaMP mutagenesis and screening in dissociated neuronsa, GCaMP structure27,64 and mutations in different GCaMP variants relative to GCaMP5G.b, Responses averaged across multiple neurons and wells for GCaMP3, 5G, 6f, 6m, 6s, and OGB1-AM. Top, fluorescence changes in response to 1 action potential. Bottom, 10 action potentials.c, Screening results, 447 GCaMPs. Top, fluorescence change in response to 1 action potential (vertical bars, ΞF/F0; green bar, OGB1-AM, left; black bars, single GCaMP mutations; red bars, combinatorial mutations; blue, GCaMP6 indicators) and significance values for different action potential stimuli (color plot). Middle, half decay time after 10 action potentials. Bottom, resting fluorescence, F0 normalized to nuclear mCherry fluorescence. Red line, GCaMP3 level; green line, GCaMP5G level; blue line, OGB1-AM level.d-g, Comparison of GCaMP sensors and OGB1-AM (blue) as a function of stimulus strength (colors as in b). d, response amplitude; e, SNR; f, half decay time; g, time to peak (after stimulus offset). Error bars correspond to s.e.m (n=300, 16, 8, 11, 13, 11 wells for GCaMP3, GCaMP5G, OGB1-AM, 6f, 6m, 6s, respectively).
LLM interpretation
This figure presents the development and screening of GCaMP variants. Panel **a** shows a protein structure diagram and a table of mutations, while panel **b** uses line graphs to show fluorescence changes ($\Delta F/F_0$) over time for various sensors in response to 1 and 10 action potentials. Panel **c** displays screening results for 447 GCaMPs using bar charts and a color plot to compare response amplitude, decay time, and resting fluorescence. Panels **d-g** use scatter plots with error bars to compare response amplitude, SNR, decay time, and rise time across sensors as a function of the number of action potentials.
GCaMP6 performance in the mouse visual cortexa, Top, schematic of the experiment. Bottom, field of view showing neurons color-coded according to their preferred orientation (hue) and response amplitude (brightness) for GCaMP5G (left) and GCaMP6s (right).b, Example traces from three neurons expressing GCaMP6s. Single sweeps (grey) and averages of 5 sweeps (black) are overlaid. Directions of grating motion (8 directions) are shown above traces (arrows).c, Example traces from three neurons expressing GCaMP6f. Single sweeps (grey) and averages of 5 sweeps (cyan) are overlaid.d, Top, high magnification view of fluorescence changes corresponding to the red boxes in b (black) and c (cyan), normalized to the peak of the response. Bottom, Fourier spectra normalized to the response amplitude at 0 Hz for neurons driven with 1 Hz drifting gratings, transduced with GCaMP5G, OGB1-AM, 6f, 6s.e, The fraction of cells scored as responding to visual stimulation when loaded with different calcium indicators. Error bars correspond to s.e.m. (n=70, 39, 23, 38, 21, 34 FOVs for GCaMP3, 5G, OGB1-AM, 6f, 6m, 6s, respectively). GCaMP3, 5G, and OGB1-AM data are from ref 16.f, The distribution of fluorescence changes across cells at the preferred orientation.
LLM interpretation
This figure evaluates GCaMP6 performance in the mouse visual cortex through a combination of imaging and quantitative analysis. It includes a schematic of the experimental setup (a), fluorescence images of neurons color-coded by orientation preference (a), and example calcium traces for GCaMP6s and GCaMP6f (b, c). Quantitative data are presented as normalized Fourier spectra of fluorescence changes (d), a bar chart comparing the fraction of responsive cells across different indicators (e), and a cumulative probability distribution of fluorescence changes at preferred stimuli (f).
Combined imaging and electrophysiology in the visual cortexa, Simultaneous fluorescence dynamics and spikes in a GCaMP6s (top) and a GCaMP6f (bottom) expressing neuron. The number of spikes for each burst is indicated below the trace (single spikes are indicated by asterisks). Left inset, a GCaMP6s expressing neuron with the recording pipette indicated schematically.b, Zoomed-in view of bursts of action potentials. Top, GCaMP6s; bottom, GCaMP6f.c, Fluorescence change in response to one action potential. Top, GCaMP6s; bottom, GCaMP6f.d, Median fluorescence change in response to one action potential for different calcium indicators. Shading corresponds to s.e.m., n= 9 (GCaMP5K, data from ref 16), 11 (GCaMP6f), 10 (GCaMP6m), 9 (GCaMP6s) cells. GCaMP5K and GCaMP5G have similar properties16.e, Peak fluorescence change as a function of number of action potentials in a 250 ms bin (5K: n=161, 65, 22, 4 events for 1, 2, 3, 4 action potentials; 6f: n=366, 120, 50, 15, 7 events for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 action potentials; 6m: n=354, 105, 31, 11, 7 events for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 action potential; 6s: n=250, 60, 20, 5, 4 events for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 action potentials). Error bars correspond to s.e.m.f, Comparison of GCaMP indicators. Left, fraction of isolated spikes detected at 1% false positive rate. Middle, half decay time. Right, rise time to peak. Error bars correspond to s.e.m.
LLM interpretation
This figure presents a comparison of GCaMP calcium indicators (5K, 6f, 6m, 6s) using simultaneous fluorescence imaging and electrophysiology in the visual cortex. Panels **a-c** show fluorescence traces and zoomed-in views of action potential bursts for GCaMP6s and 6f, while panel **d** compares the median fluorescence change for one action potential across indicators. Panels **e** and **f** utilize line and bar charts to quantify peak fluorescence relative to spike count, the percentage of isolated spikes detected, half-decay time, and rise time to peak, with error bars representing s.e.m.
Imaging activity in dendritic spines in the visual cortexa, Image of an L2/3 dendritic branch expressing GCaMP6s. Regions of interest (ROIs) are indicated as dashed circles (red, spines; yellow, dendrites).b, Map of fluorescence change (ΞF=Fresponse-Fbaseline) in response to drifting gratings of 8 different orientations.c, Pixel-based map of orientation preference.d, Responses of dendritic spines (s1-s3) and neighboring dendritic shafts (d1-d3) to drifting gratings with different orientations (corresponding to ROIs indicated in a).e, Orientation tuning of individual spines (s1, s2, s3). Error bars correspond to s.e.m. (n=5 trials).f, Fraction of spines that show detectable calcium transients (active) and respond to visual stimulation (responsive) (see Methods for definitions) (228 spines; 15 dendrites; 4 mice).g, Distribution of the orientation selectivity index across visually responsive spines (62 spines).h, Baseline fluorescence across individual dendritic spines over 320 seconds of continuous imaging (228 spines; 15 dendrites; 4 mice; error bars reflect s.e.m. across spines).i, Left, the same GCaMP6s labeled spine imaged over weeks. Right, fluorescence responses to oriented drifting gratings. Insets, parent soma of imaged spines.j, Orientation selectivity of single spines measured over time (same as i).k, Top, preferred orientation for spines that responded in two imaging sessions separated by one week. Opposing stimulus directions are considered as equivalent in this analysis. Bottom, the distribution of ΞOri (difference in preferred orientation between two sessions).
LLM interpretation
This multi-panel figure presents GCaMP6s calcium imaging data from L2/3 dendritic spines in the visual cortex. It includes microscopy images of dendritic branches (a, i), fluorescence maps of orientation preference (b, c), and time-series traces showing spine-specific responses to drifting gratings (d, i). Quantitative analyses include orientation tuning curves (e, j), histograms of spine activity and selectivity (f, g), baseline stability (h), and the longitudinal stability of preferred orientations over several weeks (k).
The orientation preference of populations of dendritic spines predicts the orientation preference of their parent neurona, Somatic fluorescence responses of a GCaMP6s-expressing layer 2/3 pyramidal neuron (depth, 120 ΞΌm) to oriented drifting gratings (Top) and the corresponding tuning curve (Bottom, normalized).b, Reconstruction of the dendritic arbor (red dendrites, dendrites shown in d; dashed squares, additional imaged regions).c, Top, fluorescence responses of visually responsive spines (84/298) sorted by their preferred orientation (averaged over 5 trials). Each row shows one spine normalized to its peak. Bottom, summed ΞF/F0 across all spines (without normalization).d, Locations of orientation selective spines on a subset of imaged dendrites (corresponding to red dendrites in b). The size of the circle corresponds to the averaged ΞF/F0 at the preferred stimulus, the color indicates the preferred orientation, and the saturation of the color encodes the orientation selectivity index (OSI =1, saturated color; OSI=0, white).e, Top, tuning curve of somatic ΞF/F. Bottom, summed spine ΞF/F. Cell 1 corresponds to panels a-d.f, Averaged output tuning (black) and integral spine response (gray) across the 5 neurons (same cells as in e). The turning curves were aligned to the preferred orientation of the output response (0 degree). The average was normalized.g, The distribution of preferred orientation of dendritic spines (5 cells; number of spines sampled: 298,166,137,278,116).h, Fraction of visually responsive spines preferring orientations 0, 45 or 90 degree away from the postsynaptic cell's preferred orientation. Opposing stimulus directions are considered as equivalent in this analysis. Error bars correspond to s.e.m.
LLM interpretation
This multi-panel figure analyzes the relationship between dendritic spine orientation preference and the somatic response of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons. It includes fluorescence traces and tuning curves for somatic and spine responses (a, c, e), a dendritic arbor reconstruction with color-coded selective spines (b, d), and averaged tuning curves comparing output and integral spine responses (f). Quantitative analysis is shown via histograms of spine orientation preferences (g) and a bar chart (h) indicating that a higher fraction of responsive spines prefer orientations close to the parent neuron's preferred orientation.
Orientation-tuned domains in dendrites of GABAergic interneuronsa, A GCaMP6s-expressing interneuron (soma depth, 250 ΞΌm), identified post hoc as a parvalbumin-positive interneuron.b, Somatic fluorescence changes to oriented drifting grating (same cell as in a). Bottom, polar plot.c, Reconstruction of the dendritic arbor based on GCaMP6s fluorescence.d, Left, a dendrite of the cell (red in c) was imaged along its entire length. Colored squares indicate dendritic sites showing significant orientation tuning (p < 0.01, ANOVA across 8 stimulus directions). The color of each square indicates the local preferred orientation, and the saturation of the color encodes the orientation selectivity index (OSI =1, saturated color; OSI=0, white). Right, example dendritic fluorescence changes and the corresponding polar plots for four locations with distinct orientation preferences. Scale bars: 10s; 50% ΞF/F.e, Zoomed-in view of the dendritic calcium signal corresponding to the box in d. The signal shows modulation at the frequency of the drifting grating (1 Hz).
LLM interpretation
This figure presents calcium imaging data from a parvalbumin-positive GABAergic interneuron, featuring microscopy images of the cell (a), its dendritic reconstruction (c), and its response to oriented drifting gratings. The somatic response (b) shows low orientation selectivity, while the dendritic analysis (d) reveals spatially distinct domains with significant orientation tuning ($p < 0.01$), indicated by colored squares along the dendrite and corresponding polar plots. Panel (e) provides a zoomed-in view of a dendritic calcium signal showing modulation at the 1 Hz frequency of the stimulus.
| # | Section | Preview |
|---|---|---|
| 40 | Methods β Image analysis | For simultaneous imaging and cell-attached recording, ring-shaped ROIs were placed over theβ¦ |
| 41 | Methods β Image analysis | For spine images (Fig. 4-5), circular ROIs were placed over individual dendritic spines to measureβ¦ |
| 42 | Methods β Image analysis | Occasional BAP related calcium signals that invaded the imaged spines were removed using aβ¦ |
| 43 | Methods β Image analysis | using robust regression (MATLAB function βrobustfit.mβ) of ΞF/F0_spine vs. ΞF/F0_dendrite (theβ¦ |
| 44 | Methods β Image analysis | We next confirmed the effectiveness of the BAP removal algorithm. First, BAP removed spine signalsβ¦ |
| 45 | Methods β Image analysis | For the analysis of GABAergic cells (Fig. 6), dendrites were traced using βSimple neuriteβ¦ |
| 46 | Methods β Reagent distribution | DNA constructs and AAV particles with GCaMP6 variants were deposited for distribution at Addgeneβ¦ |
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| TCAF1 promotes TRPV2-mediated Ca<sup>2+</sup> release in response to cytosolic DNA to protect stressed replication forks. | Kong L et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Thallium's Threat to Aquatic Life: Stage-Specific Toxicity in Zebrafish Embryos and Larvae. | Liu J et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| The COMBO window: A chronic cranial implant for multiscale circuit interrogation in mice. | Edelman BJ et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| The Cousa objective: a long-working distance air objective for multiphoton imaging in vivo. | Yu CH et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| The endoplasmic reticulum plays a key role in Ξ±-cell intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> dynamics and glucose-regulated glucagon secretion in mouse islets. | Acreman S et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| The Expression and Functionality of CB<sub>1</sub>R-NMDAR Complexes Are Decreased in A Parkinson's Disease Model. | Reyes-Resina I et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| The generation of stable transgenic lines in the human-infective nematode Strongyloides stercoralis. | Patel R et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| The impacts of hypertonic conditions on <i>Drosophila</i> larval cool cells. | Bai H et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| The influence of cortical activity on perception depends on behavioral state and sensory context. | Russell LE et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| The Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor d (Mrgprd) mediates pain hypersensitivity in painful diabetic neuropathy. | George DS et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| The molecular basis of sugar detection by an insect taste receptor. | Gomes JV et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| The odor of a nontoxic tetrodotoxin analog, 5,6,11-trideoxytetrodotoxin, is detected by specific olfactory sensory neurons of the green spotted puffers. | Suzuki T et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| The representation of decision variables in orbitofrontal cortex is longitudinally stable. | Zhang M et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| The scale of zebrafish pectoral fin buds is determined by intercellular K+ levels and consequent Ca2+-mediated signaling via retinoic acid regulation of Rcan2 and Kcnk5b. | Jiang X et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| The secondary somatosensory cortex gates mechanical and heat sensitivity. | Taub DG et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Timed receptor tyrosine kinase signaling couples the central and a peripheral circadian clock in <i>Drosophila</i>. | Cavieres-Lepe J et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Time-Multiplexed Miniaturized Two-Photon Microscopy. | Liu SJ et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Tonically active GABAergic neurons in the dorsal periaqueductal gray control instinctive escape in mice. | Stempel AV et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Tonotopic organization of auditory cortex in awake marmosets revealed by multi-modal wide-field optical imaging. | Song X et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Topography and Ensemble Activity in the Auditory Cortex of a Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome. | Wadle SL et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Tracking the topology of neural manifolds across populations. | Yoon IHR et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Transformation of neural coding for vibrotactile stimuli along the ascending somatosensory pathway. | Lee KS et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Transient enhancement of stimulus-evoked activity in neocortex during sensory learning. | Zhu M et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Trans-synaptic Association of Vesicular Zinc Transporter 3 and Shank3 Supports Synapse-Specific Dendritic Spine Structure and Function in the Mouse Auditory Cortex. | Manning A et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| TRPA1 Agonist-Responsive Afferents Contribute to Central Sensitization by Suppressing Spinal GABAergic Interneurons Through Somatostatin 2A Receptors. | Pariyar R et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| TRPC6 is a mechanosensitive channel essential for ultrasound neuromodulation in the mammalian brain. | Matsushita Y et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Tumor-infiltrating nerves functionally alter brain circuits and modulate behavior in a mouse model of head-and-neck cancer. | Barr J et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Tuned geometries of hippocampal representations meet the computational demands of social memory. | Boyle LM et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| TWISP: a transgenic worm for interrogating signal propagation in Caenorhabditis elegans. | Sharma AK et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Two-dimensional electro-optical multiphoton microscopy. | Farinella DM et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Two-photon all-optical neurophysiology for the dissection of larval zebrafish brain functional and effective connectivity. | Turrini L et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Two-photon imaging of excitatory and inhibitory neural response to infrared neural stimulation. | Fu P et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Understanding Others' Distress Through Past Experiences: The Role of Memory Engram Cells in Observational Fear. | Kitamura T et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Unlocking opioid neuropeptide dynamics with genetically encoded biosensors. | Dong C et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Updated Toolbox for Assessing Neuronal Network Reconstruction after Cell Therapy. | Gonzalez-Ramos A et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Using an ER-specific optogenetic mechanostimulator to understand the mechanosensitivity of the endoplasmic reticulum. | Song Y et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Utilization of the genetically encoded calcium indicator Salsa6F in cardiac applications. | MΓ‘rquez-Nogueras KM et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Ventral pallidum neurons projecting to the ventral tegmental area reinforce but do not invigorate reward-seeking behavior. | Palmer D et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Visual experience reduces the spatial redundancy between cortical feedback inputs and primary visual cortex neurons. | Dias RF et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Voltage-gated calcium channels act upstream of adenylyl cyclase Ac78C to promote timely initiation of dendrite regeneration. | Hertzler JI et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Whole-Brain Calcium Imaging in <i>Drosophila</i> during Sleep and Wake. | Tainton-Heap L et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Whole-Brain Electrophysiology and Calcium Imaging in <i>Drosophila</i> during Sleep and Wake. | Van De Poll M et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Wide-field calcium imaging of cortical activation and functional connectivity in externally- and internally-driven locomotion. | West SL et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| A cGAL-UAS bipartite expression toolkit for <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> sensory neurons. | Nava S et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| A direction-selective cortico-brainstem pathway adaptively modulates innate behaviors. | Liu J et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Aerobic glycolysis is the predominant means of glucose metabolism in neuronal somata, which protects against oxidative damage. | Wei Y et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| A neuronal coping mechanism linking stress-induced anxiety to motivation for reward. | Klenowski PM et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Beta cell primary cilia mediate somatostatin responsiveness via SSTR3. | Adamson SE et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Bio-friendly long-term subcellular dynamic recording by self-supervised image enhancement microscopy. | Zhang G et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Bright and sensitive red voltage indicators for imaging action potentials in brain slices and pancreatic islets. | Han Y et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Bring the pain: wounding reveals a transition from cortical excitability to epithelial excitability in <i>Xenopus</i> embryos. | Sepaniac LA et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Calcium signaling mediates proliferation of the precursor cells that give rise to the ciliated left-right organizer in the zebrafish embryo. | Abdel-Razek O et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| CaMKK2 and CHK1 phosphorylate human STN1 in response to replication stress to protect stalled forks from aberrant resection. | Jaiswal RK et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Change detection in the primate auditory cortex through feedback of prediction error signals. | Obara K et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Circuit mechanism for suppression of frontal cortical ignition during NREM sleep. | Li B et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Cortical circuitry mediating interareal touch signal amplification. | Ryan L et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Headplate Installation and Craniotomy for Awake In Vivo Electrophysiological Recordings or Two-Photon Imaging of the Mouse Inferior Colliculus. | Kraakman B et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Holistic bursting cells store long-term memory in auditory cortex. | Li R et al. | β | 2023 | β |
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| <i>In Vivo</i> Optical Interrogation of Neuronal Responses to Genetic, Cell Type-Specific Silencing. | Terzi F et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| In-phasic cytosolic-nuclear Ca<sup>2+</sup> rhythms in suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. | Hiro S et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Investigating the Influence of Morphine and Cocaine on the Mesolimbic Pathway Using a Novel Microimaging Platform. | Ganaway A et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Meso-Py: Dual Brain Cortical Calcium Imaging in Mice during Head-Fixed Social Stimulus Presentation. | Michelson NJ et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Mesotrode chronic simultaneous mesoscale cortical imaging and subcortical or peripheral nerve spiking activity recording in mice. | Xiao D et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Meta-reinforcement learning via orbitofrontal cortex. | Hattori R et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Microglial Rac1 is essential for experience-dependent brain plasticity and cognitive performance. | Socodato R et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Modeling apical and basal tree contribution to orientation selectivity in a mouse primary visual cortex layer 2/3 pyramidal cell. | Petousakis KE et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Modular interneuron circuits control motion sensitivity in the mouse retina. | Jo A et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Multiple neuronal populations control the eating behavior in Hydra and are responsive to microbial signals. | Giez C et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Norepinephrine regulates calcium signals and fate of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the mouse cerebral cortex. | Fiore F et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Normalization in mouse primary visual cortex. | Zayyad ZA et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Opposing chemosensory functions of closely related gustatory receptors. | Ahn JE et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Optimized design and in vivo application of optogenetically functionalized Drosophila dopamine receptors. | Zhou F et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Optogenetic Microwell Array Screening System: A High-Throughput Engineering Platform for Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Indicators. | Rappleye M et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Proposed three-phenylalanine motif involved in magnetoreception signalling of an Actinopterygii protein expressed in mammalian cells. | Ricker B et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> Induces Long-Lasting Inhibition of Noradrenergic Neurons in the Locus Coeruleus and Moderates the Behavioral Response to Stressors. | Mukai Y et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Protocol for the integration of fiber photometry and social behavior in rodent models. | Terstege DJ et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Protocol to image and analyze hippocampal network dynamics in non-anesthetized mouse pups. | Ratsifandrihamanana MR et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Rational engineering approaches for establishing insect olfaction reporters in yeast. | Hoch-Schneider EE et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Repeated passive visual experience modulates spontaneous and non-familiar stimuli-evoked neural activity. | Niraula S et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Spatial redundancy transformer for self-supervised fluorescence image denoising. | Li X et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Strategic design of an NIR probe for viscosity imaging in inflammatory and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis mice. | Ma Y et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| The homeodomain transcriptional regulator DVE-1 directs a program for synapse elimination during circuit remodeling. | Alexander KD et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Transparent Intracellular Sensing Platform with Si Needles for Simultaneous Live Imaging. | Park W et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Wearable optical coherence tomography angiography probe for freely moving mice. | Guo X et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Zona incerta distributes a broad movement signal that modulates behavior. | Hormigo S et al. | β | 2023 | β |