The frequencies and disparities of adverse childhood experiences in the U.S.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Giano, Zachary; Wheeler, Denna L; Hubach, Randolph D
- Year
- 2020
- Journal
- BMC public health
- PMID
- 32907569
- DOI
- 10.1186/s12889-020-09411-z
- PMCID
- PMC7488299
BACKGROUND: Adversity experienced during childhood manifests deleteriously across the lifespan. This study provides updated frequency estimates of ACEs using the most comprehensive and geographically diverse sample to date. METHODS: ACEs data were collected via BRFSS (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System). Data from a total of 211,376 adults across 34 states were analyzed. The ACEs survey is comprised of 8 domains: physical/emotional/sexual abuse, household mental illness, household substance use, household domestic violence, incarcerated household member, and parental separation/divorce. Frequencies were calculated for each domain and summed to derive mean ACE scores. Findings were weighted and stratified by demographic variables. Group differences were assessed by post-estimation F-tests. RESULTS: Most individuals experienced at least one ACE (57.8%) with 21.5% experiencing 3+ ACEs. F-tests showed females had significantly higher ACEs than males (1.64 to 1.46). Multiracial individuals had a significantly higher ACEs (2.39) than all other races/ethnicities, while White individuals had significantly lower mean ACE scores (1.53) than Black (1.66) or Hispanic (1.63) individuals. The 25-to-34 age group had a significantly higher mean ACE score than any other group (1.98). Generally, those with higher income/educational attainment had lower mean ACE scores than those with lower income/educational attainment. Sexual minority individuals had higher ACEs than straight individuals, with significantly higher ACEs in bisexual individuals (3.01). CONCLUSION: Findings highlight that childhood adversity is common across sociodemographic, yet higher in certain categories. Identifying at-risk populations for higher ACEs is essential to improving the health outcomes and attainment across the lifespan.
Shows the conceptual framework for demographics characteristics and ACEs
LLM interpretation
This is a conceptual framework diagram illustrating the relationship between demographic characteristics, Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), and lifelong outcomes. "Static Demographic Characteristics" (Gender, Race/Ethnicity, Sexual Orientation, Geographic Residence, and Birth Year) and "Dynamic Demographic Characteristics" (Income, Educational Attainment, and Employment) are positioned around a central block for Adverse Childhood Experiences. Arrows indicate that these factors collectively lead to "Lifelong Outcomes."
Shows the data collected by state and year, graphically. Image was created by the author team
LLM interpretation
This is a choropleth map of the United States showing ACEs data collection dates by state. States are color-coded by year, ranging from 2009 (light green) to 2017 (orange), with grey indicating states where data was not collected. The legend identifies eight specific collection years and a category for missing data.
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| Adversity effects on nonword repetition skills: A proxy measure of language and reading ability. | Selin C et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Association between adverse childhood experiences and fruit and vegetable intake among a national sample of U.S. adults. | Mendoza ID et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Association between Childhood Maltreatment and Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Los Angeles. | Wiss DA et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Association of parental divorce, discord, and polygenic risk with children's alcohol initiation and lifetime risk for alcohol use disorder. | Kuo SI et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Associations between childhood adversity and age at natural menopause. | Kling JM et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Associations between COVID-19-related family hardships/distress and children's Adverse Childhood Experiences during the pandemic: The Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program. | Thierry KL et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Associations between type of childhood adversities and labour market participation and employment conditions in young adults. | de Vries TR et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Childhood adversities and rate of adulthood all-cause hospitalization in the general population: A retrospective cohort study. | Bhattarai A et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Childhood Trauma and Parkinson Disease: Associations of Adverse Childhood Experiences, Disease Severity, and Quality of Life. | Subramanian I et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Commentary: Coercion in Psychiatry: Lessons Learned from Trauma-Informed Care. | Jin J et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Concordance in Child-Parent Reporting of Social Victimization Experiences in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. | Tang JT et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Direct and indirect associations between childhood adversity and emotional and behavioral problems at age 14: A network analytical approach. | de Vries TR et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Does Context and Adversity Shape Sexual Behavior in Youth? Findings from Two Representative Samples of Puerto Rican Youth. | Ramos-Olazagasti MA et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Ethical considerations for developing pediatric mhealth interventions for teens with socially complex needs. | Bounds DT et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Experiences of Interpersonal Trauma Among Parents With Intellectual Disabilities: A Systematic Review. | Hammarlund M et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Exploring School Professionals' Definitions of Childhood Trauma. | Ferrara AM et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Exposure to childhood maltreatment predicts adult physiological dysregulation, particularly inflammation. | Cornman JC et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Family Strengths among Native American Families and Families Living in Poverty: Preventing Adverse Childhood Experiences. | Mullet N et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Feasibility evaluation of the Reaching Out to Kids with Emotional Trauma (ROcKET) intervention in an elementary school: a single-arm, single-centre, feasibility study based on the RE-AIM framework. | McMahon E et al. | β | 2023 | β |
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| Implications of intergenerational trauma: Associations between caregiver ACEs and child internalizing symptoms in an urban African American sample. | Leslie CE et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Innovations in Trauma-Informed Care: Building the Nation's First System of Trauma-Informed Recreation Centers. | Holmes MR et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Intersectionality and Adverse Childhood Experiences: Comparing Subgroups of Sex, Race/Ethnicity, and Sexual Orientation. | Giano Z et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and DNA methylation of newborns in cord blood. | Collender P et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Maternal childhood adversity and prenatal depression: the protective role of father support. | Fields K et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Metabolic effects of early life stress and pre-pregnancy obesity are long lasting and sex specific in mice. | Brix LM et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Parental Divorce and Trajectories of Alcohol Consumption in Men: A Genetically Informative Perspective. | Salvatore JE et al. | β | 2023 | β |
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| Pediatric ACEs and related life event screener (PEARLS) latent domains and child health in a safety-net primary care practice. | Ye M et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Progressive exercise training improves cardiovascular psychophysiological outcomes in young adult women with a history of adverse childhood experiences. | Rogers EM et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Racial differences in associations between adverse childhood experiences and physical, mental, and behavioral health. | Lam-Hine T et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Self-reported Adverse Childhood Experiences Among Custodial Grandmothers: Frequencies, Patterns, and Correlates. | Smith GC et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Specific domains of positive childhood experiences (PCEs) associated with improved adult health: A nationally representative study. | La Charite J et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Targeting the Arginine Vasopressin V<sub>1b</sub> Receptor System and Stress Response in Depression and Other Neuropsychiatric Disorders. | Kanes SJ et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| The Association Between Adverse and Positive Childhood Experiences and Marijuana Use During Lactation. | Crouch D et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| The Association Between Parent and Child ACEs is Buffered by Forgiveness of Others and Self-Forgiveness. | Skolnick VG et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| The impacts of adverse childhood experiences on socioeconomic disadvantage by sexual and gender identity in the U.S. | Dosanjh LH et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| The Influence of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Malevolent Creativity in Young Adulthood. | Ceballos NA et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| The Pre-implementation Process of Adapting a Culturally Informed Stress Reduction Intervention for Native American Head Start Teachers. | Wilson DH et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| The Relationship Between Early Life Adversity and Academic Competence in Early Childhood. | Green AB et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| The Sexual and Gender Minority Adverse Childhood Experiences Scale. | Schnarrs PW et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Triple-jeopardy! COVID-19, high ACE scores, and the US-Mexico border: Mitigating risks with trauma-informed pedagogy. | Wholeben M et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| U.S. Cooperative Extension's response to substance misuse: A scoping review. | Hagaman A et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| What is the association between adverse childhood experiences and late-life cognitive decline? Study of Healthy Aging in African Americans (STAR) cohort study. | Lor Y et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Youth for Youth: Raising the voices of children of incarcerated parents and implications for policy and practice. | Benninger E et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) relate to blunted cardiovascular and cortisol reactivity to acute laboratory stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis. | Brindle RC et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Adverse Childhood Experiences among a Sample of Youth Living with HIV in the Deep South. | Chenneville T et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Adverse Childhood Experiences among Reproductive Age Women: Findings from the 2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. | Hurley L et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Adverse childhood experiences and cognitive disability in the 2019 United States behavioral risk factor surveillance system. | Ward K et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Adverse childhood experiences and mental health problems in a nationally representative study of heterosexual, homosexual and bisexual Danes. | Andresen JB et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Adverse childhood experiences and perceived stress in early adulthood in the context of disadvantage. | Scorza P et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Adverse childhood experiences exacerbate the association between day-to-day discrimination and mental health symptomatology in undergraduate students. | Helminen EC et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Adverse Childhood Experiences, Suicidal/Self-Harming Thoughts, and Suicide Attempts Among LGB and Heterosexual Utahns. | McGraw JS et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Adversity Exposure, Syntax, and Specific Language Impairment: An Exploratory Study. | Selin C et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| A Framework for Cross-Sector Partnerships to Address Childhood Adversity and Improve Life Course Health. | Liu PY et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| A mediational analysis of adverse experiences in childhood and quality of life in adulthood. | Vederhus JK et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| An update on ACEs domain frequencies across race/ethnicity and sex in a nationally representative sample. | Cole AB et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Application of a Model of Workforce Resilience to the Education Workforce: Expanding Opportunities for Support. | Prout JT et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Assessment of Screening for Adverse Childhood Experiences and Receipt of Behavioral Health Services Among Children and Adolescents. | Negriff S et al. | β | 2022 | β |
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| Association of Exposure to Abuse, Nurture, and Household Organization in Childhood With 4 Cardiovascular Disease Risks Factors Among Participants in the CARDIA Study. | Aguayo L et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Case-control study of adverse childhood experiences and multiple sclerosis risk and clinical outcomes. | Horton MK et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Childhood adversity and cardiometabolic biomarkers in mid-adulthood in the 1958 British birth cohort. | Miller NE et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Childhood experience, family support and parenting by people with intellectual disability. | McConnell D et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Childhood Protective Factors and Future Adult Health Outcomes in an Urban Environment. | Orbuch R et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| COVID-19 distress, negative parenting, and child behavioral problems: The moderating role of parent adverse childhood experiences. | Hails KA et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Deconstructing pathways to resilience: A systematic review of associations between psychosocial mechanisms and transdiagnostic adult mental health outcomes in the context of adverse childhood experiences. | Panagou C et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Development and pilot testing of a five item traumatic stress screener for use with adolescents in pediatric primary care. | Ng LC et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Discontinuation of hormonal contraception due to changes in mood and decreases in sexual desire: the role of adverse childhood experiences. | Novick AM et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Disentangling the associations between past childhood adversity and psychopathology during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating roles of specific pandemic stressors and coping strategies. | Jernslett M et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Early Life Adversity and Neuropsychiatric Disease: Differential Outcomes and Translational Relevance of Rodent Models. | Waters RC et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Establishing Trauma-Informed Primary Care: Qualitative Guidance from Patients and Staff in an Urban Healthcare Clinic. | Matthew A et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Evidence for Revising the Adverse Childhood Experiences Screening Tool: a Scoping Review. | SmithBattle L et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Evolving Our Understanding: Housing Instability as an ACE for Young Children. | DeCandia CJ et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| First-time exploration of adverse childhood experiences among adults in Delaware using BRFSS data: A cross-sectional study. | Gupta S | β | 2022 | β |
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| Gendered racial disparities in health of parents with children with developmental disabilities. | Lee J et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Genome-wide Signatures of Early-Life Stress: Influence of Sex. | Parel ST et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| It is time to prioritize complete trauma care. | Ruggiero KJ et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Moderating Effects of Physical Activity on the Relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Health-Related Quality of Life. | Moon I et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| National evaluation of the association between stay-at-home orders on mechanism of injury and trauma admission volume. | Thomas AC et al. | β | 2022 | β |
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