Introns: The Functional Benefits of Introns in Genomes.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Jo, Bong-Seok; Choi, Sun Shim
- Year
- 2015
- Journal
- Genomics & informatics
- PMID
- 26865841
- DOI
- 10.5808/GI.2015.13.4.112
- PMCID
- PMC4742320
The intron has been a big biological mystery since it was first discovered in several aspects. First, all of the completely sequenced eukaryotes harbor introns in the genomic structure, whereas no prokaryotes identified so far carry introns. Second, the amount of total introns varies in different species. Third, the length and number of introns vary in different genes, even within the same species genome. Fourth, all introns are copied into RNAs by transcription and DNAs by replication processes, but intron sequences do not participate in protein-coding sequences. The existence of introns in the genome should be a burden to some cells, because cells have to consume a great deal of energy to copy and excise them exactly at the correct positions with the help of complicated spliceosomal machineries. The existence throughout the long evolutionary history is explained, only if selective advantages of carrying introns are assumed to be given to cells to overcome the negative effect of introns. In that regard, we summarize previous research about the functional roles or benefits of introns. Additionally, several other studies strongly suggesting that introns should not be junk will be introduced.
Classification of trait-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (TASs) across genic regions. (A) A pie chart showing the proportion of each type of genetic variant obtained from GWASdb [68]; nearGene-3, SNPs within 500 bps from 3' downstream of a transcript; nearGene-5, SNPs within 2,000 bps from 5' upstream of a transcript. (B) The proportions of intronic TASs and all intronic SNPs after subtracting TASs were compared. The '-' in 'all SNPs β TASs' means 'subtraction of'. The statistical significance was analyzed by chi-squared test.
| # | Section | Preview |
|---|---|---|
| 20 | Results β Indirect roles of introns β Introns harbor several kinds of noncoding functional RNA genes | completion of splicing; however, these ncRNA genes embedded in intron regions are produced uponβ¦ |
| 21 | Discussion | The existence of introns in genome is a real mystery, given the expensive energy cost for a cell to⦠|
| 22 | Discussion | We reviewed here putative functional roles of introns in various cellular processes such as⦠|
| 23 | Discussion | Taken together, introns are clearly not junk, and they provide selective advantages to cells to be⦠|
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| Shared Regulatory Pathways Reveal Novel Genetic Correlations Between Grip Strength and Neuromuscular Disorders. | Gokuladhas S et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Spliceosomal Introns: Features, Functions, and Evolution. | Poverennaya IV et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Splicing modulators elicit global translational repression by condensate-prone proteins translated from introns | Shrestha JKC et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| The Landscape of Micro-Inversions Provide Clues for Population Genetic Analysis of Humans. | Qu L et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| tRNA introns: Presence, processing, and purpose. | Schmidt CA et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| A Genome-Wide Association Study of Ξ±-Synuclein Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid. | Zhong XL et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Allele-specific binding of RNA-binding proteins reveals functional genetic variants in the RNA. | Yang EW et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Analysis of the Functional Relevance of Epigenetic Chromatin Marks in the First Intron Associated with Specific Gene Expression Patterns. | Jo SS et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| An Evaluation of DNA Methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Chemotherapy-Associated Cognitive Impairment: A Prospective, Longitudinal Study. | Chan A et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Association between CLEC4E gene polymorphism of mincle and pulmonary tuberculosis infection in a northern Chinese population. | Kabuye D et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Comparative Genomics Analysis of Ciliates Provides Insights on the Evolutionary History Within "Nassophorea-Synhymenia-Phyllopharyngea" Assemblage. | Pan B et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Enrichment of rare alleles within epigenetic chromatin marks in the first intron. | Jo SS et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Features of a novel protein, rusticalin, from the ascidian <i>Styela rustica</i> reveal ancestral horizontal gene transfer event. | Daugavet MA et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Functional characterization of Gh_A08G1120 (GH3.5) gene reveal their significant role in enhancing drought and salt stress tolerance in cotton. | Kirungu JN et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Functionally Significant Features in the 5' Untranslated Region of the ABCA1 Gene and Their Comparison in Vertebrates. | Dvorak P et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Genetic control of anthocyanin pigmentation of potato tissues. | Strygina KV et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Genome streamlining via complete loss of introns has occurred multiple times in lichenized fungal mitochondria. | Pogoda CS et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Genome-wide association scan for QTL and their positional candidate genes associated with internal organ traits in chickens. | Moreira GCM et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Genome-wide identification and analysis of the EIN3/EIL gene family in allotetraploid Brassica napus reveal its potential advantages during polyploidization. | Li M et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Genome-wide identification, phylogenetic classification, and exon-intron structure characterization of the tubulin and actin genes in flax (Linum usitatissimum). | Pydiura N et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Insights into the Evolution of the Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS) Gene Family in Vertebrates. | Wang B et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Intronic CNVs and gene expression variation in human populations. | Rigau M et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Introns are mediators of cell response to starvation. | Parenteau J et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Introns: Good Day Junk Is Bad Day Treasure. | Parenteau J et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| In vivo measurements reveal a single 5'-intron is sufficient to increase protein expression level in Caenorhabditis elegans. | Crane MM et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Neutrophil extracellular traps generation and degradation in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis and systemic lupus erythematosus. | Pruchniak MP et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Soluble guanylate cyclase contribute genetic susceptibility to essential hypertension in the Han Chinese population. | Chen Y et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Understanding human DNA variants affecting pre-mRNA splicing in the NGS era. | Dufner-Almeida LG et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| A genome-wide association study reveals novel genomic regions and positional candidate genes for fat deposition in broiler chickens. | Moreira GCM et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Alternative mRNA Splicing in the Pathogenesis of Obesity. | Wong CM et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Association Between MALAT1 and THRIL Polymorphisms and Precancerous Cervical Lesions. | Wang Y et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Associations between hypertension and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-Ξ΄ (PPARD) gene rs7770619 C>T polymorphism in a Korean population. | Kim M et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Epidemiology of ATTRV30M neuropathy in Cyprus and the modifier effect of complement C1q on the age of disease onset. | Andreou S et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Genome-wide analyses supported by RNA-Seq reveal non-canonical splice sites in plant genomes. | Pucker B et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| The exon-intron gene structure upstream of the initiation codon predicts translation efficiency. | Lim CS et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Genetic correlates of the development of theta event related oscillationsΒ in adolescents and young adults. | Chorlian DB et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Interactions of TRAF6 and NLRX1 gene polymorphisms with environmental factors on the susceptibility of type 2 diabetes mellitus vascular complications in a southern Han Chinese population. | Zeng C et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Klf5 Mediates Odontoblastic Differentiation through Regulating Dentin-Specific Extracellular Matrix Gene Expression during Mouse Tooth Development. | Chen Z et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Molecular characterization and expression analysis of four fish-specific CC chemokine receptors CCR4La, CCR4Lc1, CCR4Lc2 andΒ CCR11 in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). | Qi Z et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| The peptidylglycine-Ξ±-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) gene rs13175330 A>G polymorphism is associated with hypertension in a Korean population. | Yoo HJ et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| The sociobiology of genes: the gene's eye view as a unifying behavioural-ecological framework for biological evolution. | De TiΓ¨ge A et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Functional characterizations and expression profiles of ADAR2 gene, responsible for RNA editing, in response to GCRV challenge in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). | Su J et al. | β | 2016 | β |