Retinoid X receptor activation reverses age-related deficiencies in myelin debris phagocytosis and remyelination.
paper
Cited
Public
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- Authors
- Natrajan, Muktha S; de la Fuente, Alerie G; Crawford, Abbe H; Linehan, Eimear; NuΓ±ez, Vanessa; Johnson, Kory R; Wu, Tianxia; Fitzgerald, Denise C; Ricote, Mercedes; Bielekova, Bibiana; Franklin, Robin J M
- Year
- 2015
- Journal
- Brain : a journal of neurology
- PMID
- 26463675
- DOI
- 10.1093/brain/awv289
- PMCID
- PMC4668920
The efficiency of central nervous system remyelination declines with age. This is in part due to an age-associated decline in the phagocytic removal of myelin debris, which contains inhibitors of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation. In this study, we show that expression of genes involved in the retinoid X receptor pathway are decreased with ageing in both myelin-phagocytosing human monocytes and mouse macrophages using a combination of in vivo and in vitro approaches. Disruption of retinoid X receptor function in young macrophages, using the antagonist HX531, mimics ageing by reducing myelin debris uptake. Macrophage-specific RXRΞ± (Rxra) knockout mice revealed that loss of function in young mice caused delayed myelin debris uptake and slowed remyelination after experimentally-induced demyelination. Alternatively, retinoid X receptor agonists partially restored myelin debris phagocytosis in aged macrophages. The agonist bexarotene, when used in concentrations achievable in human subjects, caused a reversion of the gene expression profile in multiple sclerosis patient monocytes to a more youthful profile and enhanced myelin debris phagocytosis by patient cells. These results reveal the retinoid X receptor pathway as a positive regulator of myelin debris clearance and a key player in the age-related decline in remyelination that may be targeted by available or newly-developed therapeutics.
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