An E-M algorithm and testing strategy for multiple-locus haplotypes.
paper
Cited
Public
Unavailable
- Authors
- Long, J C; Williams, R C; Urbanek, M
- Year
- 1995
- Journal
- American journal of human genetics
- PMID
- 7887436
- PMCID
- PMC1801177
This paper gives an expectation maximization (EM) algorithm to obtain allele frequencies, haplotype frequencies, and gametic disequilibrium coefficients for multiple-locus systems. It permits high polymorphism and null alleles at all loci. This approach effectively deals with the primary estimation problems associated with such systems; that is, there is not a one-to-one correspondence between phenotypic and genotypic categories, and sample sizes tend to be much smaller than the number of phenotypic categories. The EM method provides maximum-likelihood estimates and therefore allows hypothesis tests using likelihood ratio statistics that have chi 2 distributions with large sample sizes. We also suggest a data resampling approach to estimate test statistic sampling distributions. The resampling approach is more computer intensive, but it is applicable to all sample sizes. A strategy to test hypotheses about aggregate groups of gametic disequilibrium coefficients is recommended. This strategy minimizes the number of necessary hypothesis tests while at the same time describing the structure of disequilibrium. These methods are applied to three unlinked dinucleotide repeat loci in Navajo Indians and to three linked HLA loci in Gila River (Pima) Indians. The likelihood functions of both data sets are shown to be maximized by the EM estimates, and the testing strategy provides a useful description of the structure of gametic disequilibrium. Following these applications, a number of simulation experiments are performed to test how well the likelihood-ratio statistic distributions are approximated by chi 2 distributions. In most circumstances the chi 2 grossly underestimated the probability of type I errors. However, at times they also overestimated the type 1 error probability. Accordingly, we recommended hypothesis tests that use the resampling method.
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| Association of the interleukin-1 gene cluster with radiographic signs of osteoarthritis of the hip. | Meulenbelt I et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Association test algorithm between a qualitative phenotype and a haplotype or haplotype set using simultaneous estimation of haplotype frequencies, diplotype configurations and diplotype-based penetrances. | Ito T et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| CALCYON gene variation, schizophrenia, and cocaine dependence. | Luo X et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Characterisation of SNP haplotype structure in chemokine and chemokine receptor genes using CEPH pedigrees and statistical estimation. | Clark VJ et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Comparison of prospective and retrospective methods for haplotype inference in case-control studies. | Satten GA et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Direct determination of MUC5B promoter haplotypes based on the method of single-strand conformation polymorphism and their statistical estimation. | Kamio K et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Distribution of genome-wide linkage disequilibrium based on microsatellite loci in the Samoan population. | Tsai HJ et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Enhanced APOE2 transmission rates in families with autistic probands. | Persico AM et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Genetic effect of two polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein A5 gene and apolipoprotein C3 gene on serum lipids and lipoproteins levels in a Chinese population. | Li GP et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Handling missing values in population data: consequences for maximum likelihood estimation of haplotype frequencies. | Gourraud PA et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Haplotype architecture of the norepinephrine transporter gene SLC6A2 in four populations. | Belfer I et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Haplotype-based association analysis in cohort studies of unrelated individuals. | Lin DY | β | 2004 | β |
| Haplotype block partitioning and tag SNP selection using genotype data and their applications to association studies. | Zhang K et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Haplotype frequency estimation error analysis in the presence of missing genotype data. | Kelly ED et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Haplotype structure and linkage disequilibrium in chemokine and chemokine receptor genes. | Clark VJ et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Haplotype structure of inflammatory cytokines genes (IL1B, IL6 and TNF/LTA) in US Caucasians and African Americans. | Belfer I et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| HLA association in aspirin-intolerant asthma: DPB1*0301 as a strong marker in a Korean population. | Choi JH et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| HLA-DQB1, -DQA1, -DRB1 linkage disequilibrium and haplotype diversity in a Mestizo population from Guadalajara, Mexico. | Cortes LM et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Human catechol O-methyltransferase genetic variation: gene resequencing and functional characterization of variant allozymes. | Shield AJ et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Human genetics of plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity: applications to research in psychiatry and neurology. | Cubells JF et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Identification of a novel neuregulin 1 at-risk haplotype in Han schizophrenia Chinese patients, but no association with the Icelandic/Scottish risk haplotype. | Li T et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Incorporating genotyping uncertainty in haplotype inference for single-nucleotide polymorphisms. | Kang H et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Large-scale single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and haplotype analyses, using dense SNP Maps, of 199 drug-related genes in 752 subjects: the analysis of the association between uncommon SNPs within haplotype blocks and the haplotypes constructed with haplotype-tagging SNPs. | Kamatani N et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Linkage disequilibrium testing when linkage phase is unknown. | Schaid DJ | β | 2004 | β |
| Mapping multiple sclerosis susceptibility to the HLA-DR locus in African Americans. | Oksenberg JR et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Model-based inference of recombination hotspots in a highly variable oncogene [corrected]. | Greenspan G et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Mutation screen of the glutamate decarboxylase-67 gene and haplotype association to unipolar depression. | Lappalainen J et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| NOTCH4 gene haplotype is associated with schizophrenia in African Americans. | Luo X et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Notes on the maximum likelihood estimation of haplotype frequencies. | Mano S et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Polymorphisms in the myocilin promoter unrelated to the risk and severity of primary open-angle glaucoma. | Fan BJ et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Simultaneous detection of linkage disequilibrium and genetic differentiation of subdivided populations. | Kitada S et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Simultaneous estimation of haplotype frequencies and quantitative trait parameters: applications to the test of association between phenotype and diplotype configuration. | Shibata K et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Single-molecule analysis for molecular haplotyping. | Kwok PY et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| The Bayesian revolution in genetics. | Beaumont MA et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| The functional mu opioid receptor (OPRM1) Asn40Asp variant predicts short-term response to nicotine replacement therapy in a clinical trial. | Lerman C et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| The role of haplotypes in candidate gene studies. | Clark AG | β | 2004 | β |
| Accelerated gene counting for haplotype frequency estimation. | Thomas A | β | 2003 | β |
| Allelic variation at alcohol metabolism genes ( ADH1B, ADH1C, ALDH2) and alcohol dependence in an American Indian population. | Mulligan CJ et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Analysis and exploration of the use of rule-based algorithms and consensus methods for the inferral of haplotypes. | Orzack SH et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Angiotensinogen gene haplotype and hypertension: interaction with ACE gene I allele. | Tsai CT et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Association of neuregulin 1 with schizophrenia confirmed in a Scottish population. | Stefansson H et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Associations between hypertension and genes in the renin-angiotensin system. | Zhu X et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) gene and schizophrenia phenotypic variability: a genetic association study. | Yamamoto K et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Efficiency of single-nucleotide polymorphism haplotype estimation from pooled DNA. | Yang Y et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Estimation of haplotype frequencies, linkage-disequilibrium measures, and combination of haplotype copies in each pool by use of pooled DNA data. | Ito T et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Estimation of multilocus haplotype effects using weighted penalised log-likelihood: analysis of five sequence variations at the cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene locus. | Tanck MW et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Gametic phase estimation over large genomic regions using an adaptive window approach. | Excoffier L et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Genome-wide association study for regions of systemic sclerosis susceptibility in a Choctaw Indian population with high disease prevalence. | Zhou X et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Haplotype analysis in population genetics and association studies. | Zhao H et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Haplotype diversity in the interleukin-4 gene is not associated with HIV-1 transmission and AIDS progression. | Modi WS et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Haplotype information and linkage disequilibrium mapping for single nucleotide polymorphisms. | Lu X et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Haplotypes at the OPRM1 locus are associated with susceptibility to substance dependence in European-Americans. | Luo X et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Haplotype-specific linkage disequilibrium patterns define the genetic topography of the human MHC. | Ahmad T et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Human estrogen sulfotransferase (SULT1E1) pharmacogenomics: gene resequencing and functional genomics. | Adjei AA et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Inference on haplotype effects in case-control studies using unphased genotype data. | Epstein MP et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Interleukin-6 gene alleles affect the risk of Alzheimer's disease and levels of the cytokine in blood and brain. | Licastro F et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| MCP-1-MCP-3-Eotaxin gene cluster influences HIV-1 transmission. | Modi WS et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| New HLA haplotype frequency reference standards: high-resolution and large sample typing of HLA DR-DQ haplotypes in a sample of European Americans. | Klitz W et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Nonparametric disequilibrium mapping of functional sites using haplotypes of multiple tightly linked single-nucleotide polymorphism markers. | Cheng R et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Nuclear DNA analyses in genetic studies of populations: practice, problems and prospects. | Zhang DX et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| On the use of DNA pooling to estimate haplotype frequencies. | Wang S et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Optimal step length EM algorithm (OSLEM) for the estimation of haplotype frequency and its application in lipoprotein lipase genotyping. | Zhang P et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Pharmacogenetics of human 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthetase 1 (PAPSS1): gene resequencing, sequence variation, and functional genomics. | Xu ZH et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Polymorphisms in thyroid hormone pathway genes are associated with plasma TSH and iodothyronine levels in healthy subjects. | Peeters RP et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Skin pigmentation, biogeographical ancestry and admixture mapping. | Shriver MD et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| SNP genotyping and molecular haplotyping of DNA pools. | Kwok PY et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| A functional polymorphism in the promoter of the progesterone receptor gene associated with endometrial cancer risk. | De Vivo I et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| Analysis of apolipoprotein A-I, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and glucocerebrosidase genes in hypoalphalipoproteinemia. | Recalde D et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| A novel allele in the promoter of the hepatic lipase is associated with increased concentration of HDL-C and decreased promoter activity. | Su Z et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| Association testing by DNA pooling: an effective initial screen. | Bansal A et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| Bayesian haplotype inference for multiple linked single-nucleotide polymorphisms. | Niu T et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| Candidate-gene approaches for studying complex genetic traits: practical considerations. | Tabor HK et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| Canine red blood cell thiopurine S-methyltransferase: companion animal pharmacogenetics. | Salavaggione OE et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| Caution on pedigree haplotype inference with software that assumes linkage equilibrium. | Schaid DJ et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| Characteristics of genetic markers and maps for cost-effective genome screens using diallelic markers. | Goddard KA et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| DRD4 promoter SNPs and gender effects on Extraversion in African Americans. | Bookman EB et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| Geographic and haplotype structure of candidate type 2 diabetes susceptibility variants at the calpain-10 locus. | Fullerton SM et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| Haplotype block structure and its applications to association studies: power and study designs. | Zhang K et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| Haplotype frequency estimation in patient populations: the effect of departures from Hardy-Weinberg proportions and collapsing over a locus in the HLA region. | Single RM et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| Linkage disequilibrium mapping with genotype data. | Zhang S et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| Modulating influence on HIV/AIDS by interacting RANTES gene variants. | An P et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| Neuregulin 1 and susceptibility to schizophrenia. | Stefansson H et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| Polymorphisms of CYP1a1, CYP2e1, GSTM1, GSTT1, and TP53 genes in Amerindians. | Gaspar PA et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| Proposal for an allele nomenclature system based on the evolutionary divergence of haplotypes. | Nebert DW | β | 2002 | β |
| Relative efficiency of ambiguous vs. directly measured haplotype frequencies. | Schaid DJ | β | 2002 | β |
| Score tests for association between traits and haplotypes when linkage phase is ambiguous. | Schaid DJ et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| Spontaneous mutations in the prion protein gene causing transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. | Dagvadorj A et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| The impact of genotyping error on haplotype reconstruction and frequency estimation. | Kirk KM et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| V75R576 IL-4 receptor alpha is associated with allergic asthma and enhanced IL-4 receptor function. | Risma KA et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| Ancestral proportions and admixture dynamics in geographically defined African Americans living in South Carolina. | Parra EJ et al. | β | 2001 | β |
| A new statistical method for haplotype reconstruction from population data. | Stephens M et al. | β | 2001 | β |
| Association of fibrillin 1 single-nucleotide polymorphism haplotypes with systemic sclerosis in Choctaw and Japanese populations. | Tan FK et al. | β | 2001 | β |
| Comparisons of two methods for haplotype reconstruction and haplotype frequency estimation from population data. | Zhang S et al. | β | 2001 | β |
| Estimation of linkage disequilibrium for loci with multiple alleles: basic approach and an application using data from bighorn sheep. | Kalinowski ST et al. | β | 2001 | β |
| Evolution of the CCR5 Delta32 mutation based on haplotype variation in Jewish and Northern European population samples. | Klitz W et al. | β | 2001 | β |
| Experimentally-derived haplotypes substantially increase the efficiency of linkage disequilibrium studies. | Douglas JA et al. | β | 2001 | β |
| Genetic analysis of case/control data using estimated haplotype frequencies: application to APOE locus variation and Alzheimer's disease. | Fallin D et al. | β | 2001 | β |
| Genetic variation in the transforming growth factor beta1 gene in multiple sclerosis. | Weinshenker BG et al. | β | 2001 | β |
| HLA-DR and -DQ polymorphism in Cameroon. | Pimtanothai N et al. | β | 2001 | β |
| Human sulfotransferase SULT1C1 pharmacogenetics: gene resequencing and functional genomic studies. | Freimuth RR et al. | β | 2001 | β |
| Identification of three polymorphisms in the translated region of PLC-gamma1 and their investigation in lithium responsive bipolar disorder. | Ftouhi-Paquin N et al. | β | 2001 | β |
| Information technology tools for efficient SNP studies. | Tolle R | β | 2001 | β |
| Issues concerning association studies for fine mapping a susceptibility gene for a complex disease. | Kaplan N et al. | β | 2001 | β |
| Population structure in admixed populations: effect of admixture dynamics on the pattern of linkage disequilibrium. | Pfaff CL et al. | β | 2001 | β |
| Prospects for association-based fine mapping of a susceptibility gene for a complex disease. | Kaplan N et al. | β | 2001 | β |
| Reelin gene alleles and haplotypes as a factor predisposing to autistic disorder. | Persico AM et al. | β | 2001 | β |
| TPH and suicidal behavior: a study in suicide completers. | Turecki G et al. | β | 2001 | β |
| Accuracy of haplotype frequency estimation for biallelic loci, via the expectation-maximization algorithm for unphased diploid genotype data. | Fallin D et al. | β | 2000 | β |
| A haplotype at the DBH locus, associated with low plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity, also associates with cocaine-induced paranoia. | Cubells JF et al. | β | 2000 | β |
| Association analysis of polymorphisms in the DRD4 gene and heroin abuse in Chinese subjects. | Li T et al. | β | 2000 | β |
| Beta-globin gene cluster haplotypes in two North American indigenous populations. | Mattevi VS et al. | β | 2000 | β |
| Diversity is demonstrated in class I HLA-A and HLA-B alleles in Cameroon, Africa: description of HLA-A*03012, *2612, *3006 and HLA-B*1403, *4016, *4703. | Ellis JM et al. | β | 2000 | β |
| Estimating multilocus linkage disequilibria. | Barton NH | β | 2000 | β |
| Family-based linkage disequilibrium mapping using SNP marker haplotypes: application to a potential locus for schizophrenia at chromosome 22q11. | Li T et al. | β | 2000 | β |
| Haplotypes and linkage disequilibrium at the phenylalanine hydroxylase locus, PAH, in a global representation of populations. | Kidd JR et al. | β | 2000 | β |
| Linkage disequilibrium analysis of biallelic DNA markers, human quantitative trait loci, and threshold-defined case and control subjects. | Schork NJ et al. | β | 2000 | β |
| Probability of finding HLA-mismatched related or unrelated marrow or cord blood donors. | Beatty PG et al. | β | 2000 | β |
| Significant admixture linkage disequilibrium across 30 cM around the FY locus in African Americans. | Lautenberger JA et al. | β | 2000 | β |
| Systematic screening of the 14-3-3 eta (eta) chain gene for polymorphic variants and case-control analysis in schizophrenia. | Bell R et al. | β | 2000 | β |
| The accuracy of statistical methods for estimation of haplotype frequencies: an example from the CD4 locus. | Tishkoff SA et al. | β | 2000 | β |
| The predictive power of haplotypes in clinical response. | Judson R et al. | β | 2000 | β |
| Ancestral origins and worldwide distribution of the PRNP 200K mutation causing familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. | Lee HS et al. | β | 1999 | β |
| Benefits and pitfalls encountered in psychiatric genetic association studies. | Malhotra AK et al. | β | 1999 | β |
| Effects of worldwide population subdivision on ALDH2 linkage disequilibrium. | Peterson RJ et al. | β | 1999 | β |
| HLA haplotypes and microsatellite polymorphisms in and around the major histocompatibility complex region in a Native American population with a high prevalence of scleroderma (systemic sclerosis). | Tan FK et al. | β | 1999 | β |
| Influence of host genetics on the severity of coccidioidomycosis. | Louie L et al. | β | 1999 | β |
| Influence of landscape on the population genetic structure of the alpine butterfly parnassius smintheus (Papilionidae) | Keyghobadi N et al. | β | 1999 | β |
| Linkage disequilibrium of interleukin-1 genetic polymorphisms with early-onset periodontitis. | Diehl SR et al. | β | 1999 | β |
| Loss of information due to ambiguous haplotyping of SNPs. | Hodge SE et al. | β | 1999 | β |
| No association between D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) alleles or haplotypes and cocaine dependence or severity of cocaine dependence in European- and African-Americans. | Gelernter J et al. | β | 1999 | β |
| No association between D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) "A" system alleles, or DRD2 haplotypes, and posttraumatic stress disorder. | Gelernter J et al. | β | 1999 | β |
| On a randomization procedure in linkage analysis. | Zhao H et al. | β | 1999 | β |
| Severe hyperlipidemia in apolipoprotein E2 homozygotes due to a combined effect of hyperinsulinemia and an SstI polymorphism. | Sijbrands EJ et al. | β | 1999 | β |
| The HLA dictionary 1999: a summary of HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1/3/4/5, -DQB1 alleles and their association with serologically defined HLA-A, -B, -C, -DR and -DQ antigens. | Schreuder GM et al. | β | 1999 | β |
| The HLA dictionary 1999: a summary of HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1/3/4/5, -DQB1 alleles and their association with serologically defined HLA-A, -B, -C, -DR, and -DQ antigens. | Schreuder GM et al. | β | 1999 | β |
| Variant genotypes of the low-affinity Fcgamma receptors in two control populations and a review of low-affinity Fcgamma receptor polymorphisms in control and disease populations. | Lehrnbecher T et al. | β | 1999 | β |
| Association of microsatellite markers near the fibrillin 1 gene on human chromosome 15q with scleroderma in a Native American population. | Tan FK et al. | β | 1998 | β |
| Association of MSX1 and TGFB3 with nonsyndromic clefting in humans. | Lidral AC et al. | β | 1998 | β |
| D6STNFa microsatellite locus correlates with CTLp frequency in unrelated bone marrow donor-recipient pairs. | Hanifi Moghaddam P et al. | β | 1998 | β |
| DRD2 allele frequencies and linkage disequilibria, including the -141CIns/Del promoter polymorphism, in European-American, African-American, and Japanese subjects. | Gelernter J et al. | β | 1998 | β |
| Estimating African American admixture proportions by use of population-specific alleles. | Parra EJ et al. | β | 1998 | β |
| HLA class II polymorphism in the Ticuna of Brazil: evolutionary implications of the DRB1*0807 allele. | Mack SJ et al. | β | 1998 | β |
| HLA polymorphisms in Italian bone marrow donors: a regional analysis. | Rendine S et al. | β | 1998 | β |
| Incorporating genotypes of relatives into a test of linkage disequilibrium. | Excoffier L et al. | β | 1998 | β |
| Increased risk for endogenous hypertriglyceridaemia is associated with an apolipoprotein C3 haplotype specified by the SstI polymorphism. | Hoffer MJ et al. | β | 1998 | β |
| Selective co-evolution of the D6STNFa microsatellite region with HLA class I and II loci. | Moghaddam PH et al. | β | 1998 | β |
| African-American HLA class II allele and haplotype diversity. | Just JJ et al. | β | 1997 | β |
| Factor VII polymorphisms in populations with different risks of cardiovascular disease. | de Maat MP et al. | β | 1997 | β |
| Heterogeneity at the CETP gene locus. Influence on plasma CETP concentrations and HDL cholesterol levels. | Kuivenhoven JA et al. | β | 1997 | β |
| HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in the North American population: the National Marrow Donor Program Donor Registry. | Mori M et al. | β | 1997 | β |
| Statistical analyses of population genetic data: new tools, old concepts. | Rousset F et al. | β | 1997 | β |
| African-American HLA class II allele and haplotype diversity. | Just JJ et al. | β | 1996 | β |
| A generic estimation of population subdivision using distances between alleles with special reference for microsatellite loci. | Michalakis Y et al. | β | 1996 | β |
| Distribution and evolution of CTG repeats at the myotonin protein kinase gene in human populations. | Deka R et al. | β | 1996 | β |
| Lack of association between polymorphisms in the 5-HT2A receptor gene and the antipsychotic response to clozapine. | Malhotra AK et al. | β | 1996 | β |
| Recombination and the multilocus structure of fungal populations. | Milgroom MG | β | 1996 | β |
| Testing for linkage disequilibrium in genotypic data using the Expectation-Maximization algorithm. | Slatkin M et al. | β | 1996 | β |
| Two naturally occurring amino acid substitutions of the 5-HT2A receptor: similar prevalence in patients with seasonal affective disorder and controls. | Ozaki N et al. | β | 1996 | β |
| High diversity of alpha-globin haplotypes in a Senegalese population, including many previously unreported variants. | Martinson JJ et al. | β | 1995 | β |