Pharmacological treatment of cannabis dependence.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Weinstein, A M; Gorelick, David A
- Year
- 2011
- Journal
- Current pharmaceutical design
- PMID
- 21524266
- DOI
- 10.2174/138161211796150846
- PMCID
- PMC3171994
Cannabis is the most frequently used illegal psychoactive substance in the world. There is a significant increase in the number of treatment admissions for cannabis use disorders in the past few years, and the majority of cannabis-dependent individuals who enter treatment have difficulty in achieving and maintaining abstinence. Thus, there is increased need for medications that can be used to treat this population. So far, no medication has been shown broadly and consistently effective; none has been approved by any national regulatory authority. Medications studied have included those that alleviate symptoms of cannabis withdrawal (e.g., dysphoric mood, irritability),those that directly affect endogenous cannabinoid receptor function, and those that have shown efficacy in treatment of other drugs of abuse or psychiatric conditions. Buspirone is the only medication to date that has shown efficacy for cannabis dependence in a controlled clinical trial. Results from controlled human laboratory studies and small open-label clinical trials suggest that dronabinol, the COMT inhibitor entacapone, and lithium may warrant further study. Recent pre-clinical studies suggest the potential of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors such as URB597, endocannabinoid-metabolizing enzymes, and nicotinic alpha 7 receptor antagonists such as methyllycaconitine (MLA).Controlled clinical trials are needed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of these medications and to validate the laboratory models being used to study candidate medications.
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| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| 2-AG | drug |
| 6-week controlled clinical trial local | cohort |
| acetylcholine | drug |
| acute cannabis intoxication local | phenotype |
| Acute cardiovascular effects local | phenotype |
| acute psychological effects local | phenotype |
| ADHD | phenotype |
| adolescents | cohort |
| Adult daily cannabis users local | cohort |
| adults | cohort |
| agitation | phenotype |
| alcohol | phenotype |
| alcohol dependence | phenotype |
| alpha2-adrenergic receptor local | drug |
| anandamide | drug |
| anorexia nervosa | phenotype |
| antidepressants | drug |
| anxiety | phenotype |
| atomoxetine | drug |
| attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | phenotype |
| Attention impairment local | phenotype |
| baclofen | drug |
| benzodiazepines | drug |
| Benzoflavone moiety local | drug |
| bipolar disorder | phenotype |
| buprenorphine | drug |
| bupropion | drug |
| Bupropion-sustained release local | drug |
| buspirone local | drug |
| Buspirone local | drug |
| cannabinoids | drug |
| cannabis-abusing populations local | cohort |
| cannabis dependence | phenotype |
| Cannabis dependence cohort (n=36) local | cohort |
| cannabis-dependent cohort local | cohort |
| Cannabis-dependent outpatients local | cohort |
| cannabis intoxication local | phenotype |
| Cannabis intoxication local | phenotype |
| cannabis relapse local | phenotype |
| Cannabis-Related Symptoms local | phenotype |
| cannabis use | phenotype |
| cannabis use disorder | phenotype |
| cannabis users | phenotype |
| cannabisβusing healthy men local | cohort |
| Cannabisβusing healthy men cohort local | cohort |
| cannabis withdrawal | phenotype |
| cardiovascular effects local | phenotype |
| Cardiovascular effects of cannabis local | phenotype |
| CB1 antagonist | drug |
| CB1 receptor | drug |
| CB2 | drug |
| CB receptor agonist local | drug |
| CB receptor antagonists local | drug |
| CB receptors local | drug |
| Chrna7 | gene |
| cigarettes | phenotype |
| cocaine | phenotype |
| Cognitive Behavioral/Motivational Enhancement Psychotherapy local | drug |
| Columbia group local | cohort |
| COMT | gene |
| COMT inhibitor local | drug |
| COMT Val158 | gene |
| Controlled clinical trial (23 participants) local | cohort |
| craving | phenotype |
| craving for cannabis local | phenotype |
| craving for tobacco local | phenotype |
| Cystine-glutamate exchanger local | drug |
| daily cannabis smokers local | cohort |
| decreased appetite | phenotype |
| dependence | phenotype |
| depression | phenotype |
| depressive symptoms | phenotype |
| Disturbed sleep local | phenotype |
| divalproex local | drug |
| Divalproex local | drug |
| diversion local | phenotype |
| dopamine | drug |
| DRD2 | gene |
| dronabinol local | drug |
| Drug compulsion local | phenotype |
| drug dependence | phenotype |
| drug effect local | phenotype |
| Drug of abuse local | phenotype |
| drug-seeking behavior | phenotype |
| DSM-IV | phenotype |
| Endocannabinoid-metabolizing enzyme inhibitor local | drug |
| endocannabinoids | drug |
| endocannabinoid system | drug |
| entacapone | drug |
| epilepsy | phenotype |
| euphoria | phenotype |
| executive functioning | phenotype |
| FAAH | gene |
| fluoxetine | drug |
| food intake | phenotype |
| frontal cortex | anatomy |
| GABA | phenotype |
| Gastrointestinal adverse events local | phenotype |
| GI symptoms local | phenotype |
| glutamate | drug |
| Healthy human volunteers local | cohort |
| heart rate | phenotype |
| Heavy cannabis smokers local | cohort |
| heroin withdrawal local | phenotype |
| high | phenotype |
| Htr1a | gene |
| human brain | anatomy |
| ICD-10 local | cohort |
| immune function | phenotype |
| Impaired concentration local | phenotype |
| increased appetite | phenotype |
| inflammatory response | phenotype |
| insomnia | phenotype |
| irritability | phenotype |
| lithium | drug |
| lofexidine local | drug |
| lofexidine+THC local | drug |
| medication abuse local | phenotype |
| memory | phenotype |
| meso-cortico-limbic regions local | anatomy |
| Mesocortico-limbic regions local | anatomy |
| Meso-cortico-limbic reward pathway local | anatomy |
| Methadone | drug |
| methyllycaconitine | drug |
| migraine headaches local | phenotype |
| mirtazapine local | drug |
| mood disorders | phenotype |
| Motor incoordination | phenotype |
| mu opioid receptor | drug |
| N-acetylcysteine | drug |
| naloxone | drug |
| naltrexone | drug |
| National Institute on Drug Abuse | cohort |
| nefazodone local | drug |
| Nefazodone local | drug |
| nicotine | drug |
| non-treatment-seeking male regular cannabis users local | cohort |
| non-treatment-seeking volunteers local | cohort |
| opiate intoxication local | phenotype |
| opioid dependence | phenotype |
| OPRM1 | cohort |
| Orthostatic hypotension | phenotype |
| outpatients | cohort |
| panic disorder | phenotype |
| Parkinsonβs disease | phenotype |
| Passiflora incarnata local | drug |
| Percent days of abstinence local | phenotype |
| pharmacological treatment | drug |
| Precipitated withdrawal responses local | phenotype |
| Preliminary 12-week open-label study (10 participants) local | cohort |
| psychiatric side-effects local | phenotype |
| psychosis | phenotype |
| Psychosis-like symptoms local | phenotype |
| putamen | anatomy |
| rats | cohort |
| regular cannabis users local | phenotype |
| relapse | phenotype |
| relaxation | phenotype |
| Response inhibition impairment local | phenotype |
| restlessness | phenotype |
| rimonabant | drug |
| schizophrenia | phenotype |
| Second-generation atypical antipsychotic medication local | drug |
| sleep | phenotype |
| sleep onset latency local | phenotype |
| smoking cessation | phenotype |
| stoned local | phenotype |
| striatum | anatomy |
| subjective effects | phenotype |
| Subjective effects of cannabis local | phenotype |
| Subjective effects of THC local | phenotype |
| subjective intoxication | phenotype |
| synthetic THC local | drug |
| tachycardia | phenotype |
| temporal lobe | anatomy |
| THC | drug |
| THC-dependent mice local | cohort |
| tobacco dependence | phenotype |
| Treatment-seeking cannabis-dependent patients local | cohort |
| URB597 | drug |
| urine cannabinoid levels local | phenotype |
| ventral striatum | anatomy |
| weight loss | phenotype |
| withdrawal | phenotype |
| young adults | cohort |
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In this knowledge base
| Title | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|
| Genome-wide Association Study of Cannabis Dependence Severity, Novel Risk Variants, and Shared Genetic Risks. | 2016 | 27028160 |
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