The childhood trauma questionnaire in a community sample: psychometric properties and normative data.
- Authors
- Scher, C D; Stein, M B; Asmundson, G J; McCreary, D R; Forde, D R
- Year
- 2001
- Journal
- Journal of traumatic stress
- PMID
- 11776429
- DOI
- 10.1023/A:1013058625719
Interpretation of research on the prevalence and sequelae of childhood trauma has been hindered by the use of assessment instruments with unknown psychometric properties. Thus, we examined the psychometric properties of a new childhood trauma measure, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). The CTQ has demonstrated strong psychometric properties in clinical samples; limited information exists on its psychometric properties in community samples. Therefore, we explored the factor structure and reliability of the CTQ in a community sample and calculated normative data. Consistent with previous literature, a 5-factor model best described the CTQ, with a hierarchical model also providing excellent fit. Additionally, the CTQ demonstrated acceptable internal consistency. Overall, our findings suggest that the CTQ is appropriate for use in a community sample.
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| Two HPA axis genes, CRHBP and FKBP5, interact with childhood trauma to increase the risk for suicidal behavior. | Roy A et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Corticostriatal-limbic gray matter morphology in adolescents with self-reported exposure to childhood maltreatment. | Edmiston EE et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Emotional trauma and abuse in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. | ProenΓ§a IC et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Measuring childhood abuse and neglect in a group of female indoor sex workers in the Netherlands: a confirmatory factor analysis of the Dutch version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form. | Daalder AL et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Reliability and validity of the korean version of the childhood trauma questionnaire-short form for psychiatric outpatients. | Kim D et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Safe Thinking and Affect Regulation (STAR): human immunodeficiency virus prevention in alternative/therapeutic schools. | Brown LK et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Serotonin transporter gene and childhood trauma--a G Γ E effect on anxiety sensitivity. | Klauke B et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| The cumulative impact of sexual revictimization on emotion regulation difficulties: an examination of female inmates. | Walsh K et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| The impact of decreased environmental reward in predicting depression severity: support for behavioral theories of depression. | Carvalho J et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| The relationship of childhood trauma to nicotine dependence in pregnant smokers. | Blalock JA et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Verbal victimization and changes in hopelessness among elementary school children. | Hanley AJ et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Who is really at risk? Identifying risk factors for subthreshold and full syndrome eating disorders in a high-risk sample. | Jacobi C et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Adult adjustment of survivors of institutional child abuse in Ireland. | Carr A et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Childhood maltreatment, the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene and adult depression in the general population. | Grabe HJ et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Influence of cocaine dependence and early life stress on pituitary-adrenal axis responses to CRH and the Trier social stressor. | Moran-Santa Maria MM et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Interaction of FKBP5, a stress-related gene, with childhood trauma increases the risk for attempting suicide. | Roy A et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Plasma homovanillic acid correlates inversely with history of childhood trauma in personality disordered and healthy control adults. | Lee R et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Reliability and validity of the short Schema Mode Inventory (SMI). | Lobbestael J et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Sequelae of sexual trauma in women treated for non-trauma-related psychiatric disorders in a psychiatric hospital in Switzerland. | BΓΌhler L et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| The influence of GABRA2, childhood trauma, and their interaction on alcohol, heroin, and cocaine dependence. | Enoch MA et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| The role of protective self-cognitions in the relationship between childhood trauma and later resource loss. | Walter KH et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Women with a history of childhood maltreatment exhibit more activation in association areas following non-traumatic olfactory stimuli: a fMRI study. | Croy I et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| A validation study of the Dutch Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form: factor structure, reliability, and known-groups validity. | Thombs BD et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Childhood abuse and current interpersonal conflict: the role of shame. | Kim J et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Childhood maltreatment linked to greater symptom severity and poorer quality of life and function in social anxiety disorder. | Simon NM et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Child maltreatment profiles and adjustment problems in high-risk adolescents. | Hazen AL et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Construct validity of the relationship profile test: correlates of overdependence, detachment, and healthy dependency in low income urban women seeking medical services. | Bornstein RF et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Development and psychometric evaluation of a new assessment method for childhood maltreatment experiences: the interview for traumatic events in childhood (ITEC). | Lobbestael J et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Examining the relationship between a childhood history of sexual abuse and later dissociation, breast-feeding practices, and parenting anxiety. | Bowman KG et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Genetic variation in 5HTTLPR is associated with emotional resilience. | Stein MB et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tools Retrospective version (ICAST-R): Delphi study and field testing in seven countries. | Dunne MP et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Reported history of childhood abuse and young adults' information-processing biases for facial displays of emotion. | Gibb BE et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Validity and reliability of a Persian version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. | Garrusi B et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Childhood abuse or neglect is associated with increased vasomotor symptom reporting among midlife women. | Thurston RC et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Childhood maltreatment and conduct disorder: independent predictors of adolescent substance use disorders in youth with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. | De Sanctis VA et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Childhood maltreatment and psychiatric morbidity in bariatric surgery candidates. | Wildes JE et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Childhood maltreatment in patients with somatization disorder. | Spitzer C et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Childhood trauma and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. | Mathews CA et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Comparing Multiple Sensitivities and Specificities with Different Diagnostic Criteria: Applications to Sexual Abuse and Sexual Health Research. | Yu Q et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Complications during pregnancy, peri- and postnatal period in a sample of women with a history of child abuse. | MΓΆhler E et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Direct and indirect links between childhood maltreatment, posttraumatic stress disorder, and women's health. | Lang AJ et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Factors associated with co-occurring borderline personality disorder among inner-city substance users: the roles of childhood maltreatment, negative affect intensity/reactivity, and emotion dysregulation. | Gratz KL et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Gene-by-environment (serotonin transporter and childhood maltreatment) interaction for anxiety sensitivity, an intermediate phenotype for anxiety disorders. | Stein MB et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Non-kin natural mentors in the lives of older youths in foster care. | Munson MR et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| On the mediating role of subtypes of rumination in the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and depressed mood: brooding versus reflection. | Raes F et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder in Canada. | Van Ameringen M et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Revisiting differences in individuals with bulimia nervosa with and without a history of anorexia nervosa: Eating pathology, personality, and maltreatment. | Bardone-Cone AM et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Severity of childhood trauma is predictive of cocaine relapse outcomes in women but not men. | Hyman SM et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| An evaluation of the measurement equivalence of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire--Short Form across gender and race in a sample of drug-abusing adults. | Thombs BD et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Childhood maltreatment, perceived stress, and stress-related coping in recently abstinent cocaine dependent adults. | Hyman SM et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Dissociative symptoms in alcohol-dependent patients: associations with childhood trauma and substance abuse characteristics. | SchΓ€fer I et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Family history, early adversity and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis: Mediation of the vulnerability to mood disorders. | Watson S et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Psychometric properties of the Early Trauma Inventory-Self Report. | Bremner JD et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Resiliency factors in the relation between childhood sexual abuse and adulthood sexual assault in college-age women. | Walsh K et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| A prospective test of the hopelessness theory of depression in children. | Gibb BE et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Childhood trauma and dissociation in female patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: an exploratory study. | SchΓ€fer I et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| From emotional abuse in childhood to psychopathology in adulthood: a path mediated by immature defense mechanisms and self-esteem. | Finzi-Dottan R et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Predictors of attributional style change in children. | Gibb BE et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Religious involvement and its association to risk behaviors among older youth in foster care. | Scott LD et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| The adverse effect of negative comments about weight and shape from family and siblings on women at high risk for eating disorders. | Taylor CB et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Association between physical partner violence, posttraumatic stress, childhood trauma, and suicide attempts in a community sample of women. | Seedat S et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Childhood maltreatment in male and female treatment-seeking pathological gamblers. | Petry NM et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| The role of depression and dissociation in the link between childhood sexual abuse and later parental practices. | Collin-VΓ©zina D et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Thought suppression mediates the relationship between negative affect and borderline personality disorder symptoms. | Rosenthal MZ et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Factor structure and reliability of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in a Canadian undergraduate student sample. | Paivio SC et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Prevalence and demographic correlates of childhood maltreatment in an adult community sample. | Scher CD et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Psychometric utility of the childhood trauma questionnaire with female street-based sex workers. | Villano CL et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Childhood trauma as a possible antecedent of transliminality. | Thalbourne MA et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Prevalence of dissociative experiences in a community sample: relationship to gender, ethnicity, and substance use. | Seedat S et al. | β | 2003 | β |