Alcohol, ALDH2, and esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis which illustrates the potentials and limitations of a Mendelian randomization approach.
paper
Cited
Public
Unavailable
- Authors
- Lewis, Sarah J; Smith, George Davey
- Year
- 2005
- Journal
- Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology
- PMID
- 16103445
- DOI
- 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0196
Mendelian randomization, the use of common polymorphisms as surrogates for measuring exposure levels in epidemiologic studies, provides one method of assessing the causal nature of some environmental exposures. This can be illustrated by looking at the association between the ALDH2 polymorphism and esophageal cancer. Alcohol drinking is considered a risk factor for esophageal cancer, and exposure to high levels of acetaldehyde, the principal metabolite of alcohol, may be responsible for the increased cancer risk. The ability to metabolize acetaldehyde is encoded by the ALDH2 gene, which is polymorphic in some populations. The ALDH2*2 allele produces an inactive protein subunit, which is unable to metabolize acetaldehyde. An individual's genotype at this locus may influence their esophageal cancer risk through two mechanisms, first through influencing alcohol intake and second through influencing acetaldehyde levels. We have carried out a meta-analysis of studies looking at the ALDH2 genotype and esophageal cancer and found that risk was reduced among *2*2 homozygotes [odds ratio (OR), 0.36; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.16-0.80] and increased among heterozygotes (OR, 3.19; 95% CI, 1.86-5.47) relative to *1*1 homozygotes. This provides strong evidence that alcohol intake increases the risk of esophageal cancer and individuals whose genotype results in markedly lower intake, because they have an adverse reaction to alcohol are thus protected. This meta-analysis also provides evidence that acetaldehyde plays a carcinogenic role in esophageal cancer. The two different processes operating as a result of the ALDH2 genotype have implications for the interpretation of studies using the Mendelian randomization paradigm.
No figures extracted from this document.
No chunks β full text not yet ingested.
No entities extracted from this document yet.
No uploaded files.
Not in any collection.
No citations found.
In this knowledge base
External
| Title | Authors | Journal | Year | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Microbial crosstalk along the oral-gut axis: organ-specific oncogenic adaptations of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. | Wu S et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| The Effect of Alcohol Consumption Behavior Changes on Gastric Cancer Risks Stratified by Sex in South Korea. | Choi Y et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Does the highly prevalent East Asian ALDH2 null variant magnify adverse effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on child development? A commentary. | Slaney C et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Multi-omics approaches for understanding gene-environment interactions in noncommunicable diseases: techniques, translation, and equity issues. | Alemu R et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Personalized prediction of esophageal cancer risk based on virtually generated alcohol data. | Nfor ON et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Targeting ALDH2 to promote skeletal muscle health: A novel strategy against mitochondrial dysfunction. | Andrade KSG et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| A data-adaptive method for investigating effect heterogeneity with high-dimensional covariates in Mendelian randomization. | Tian H et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Addressing the credibility crisis in Mendelian randomization. | Burgess S et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Alcohol consumption and its association with cancer, cardiovascular, liver and brain diseases: a systematic review of Mendelian randomization studies. | Bouajila N et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Incorporating biological and clinical insights into variant choice for Mendelian randomisation: examples and principles. | Burgess S et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Novel metabolic biomarker for early detection and diagnosis to the patients with gastric cardia adenocarcinoma. | Wei MX et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Odorant-responsive biological receptors and electronic noses for volatile organic compounds with aldehyde for human health and diseases: A perspective review. | Lee S et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Alcohol metabolism genes and risks of site-specific cancers in Chinese adults: An 11-year prospective study. | Im PK et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Alcohol Use and Use Disorder and Cancer Risk: Perspective on Causal Inference. | Zhou H et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Applying Mendelian randomization to appraise causality in relationships between nutrition and cancer. | Wade KH et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Epidemiology beyond its limits. | McCullough LE et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Impact of nonrandom selection mechanisms on the causal effect estimation for two-sample Mendelian randomization methods. | Yu Y et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Mendelian Randomization: Concepts and Scope. | Richmond RC et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Phosphorylation of small kinetochore-associated protein induced by GSK3Ξ² promotes cell migration and invasion in esophageal cancer. | Qin B et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Polyphenols from persimmon fruit attenuate acetaldehyde-induced DNA double-strand breaks by scavenging acetaldehyde. | Matsuzaki K et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Systematic review of Mendelian randomization studies on risk of cancer. | Markozannes G et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| THYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE GENE POLYMORPHISMS AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ESOPHAGEAL CANCER: A CASE-CONTROL STUDY. | Zaidan EP et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Simple Ozone Scrubber Using a Glass Fiber Filter Impregnated with Hydroquinone for the Quantitative Analysis of Ambient Air Samples. | Sakamoto H et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Epidemiology of esophageal cancer: update in global trends, etiology and risk factors. | Uhlenhopp DJ et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Low-dose ethanol intake prevents high-fat diet-induced adverse cardiovascular events in mice. | Nie J et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Mendel's laws, Mendelian randomization and causal inference in observational data: substantive and nomenclatural issues. | Davey Smith G et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Recent advances in treating oesophageal cancer | Harada K et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Recent advances in treating oesophageal cancer. | Harada K et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Smoking, alcohol consumption, and cancer: A mendelian randomisation study in UK Biobank and international genetic consortia participants. | Larsson SC et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| The use of Mendelian randomisation to identify causal cancer risk factors: promise and limitations. | Gala H et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Asymmetric independence modeling identifies novel gene-environment interactions. | Yu G et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Contextualizing selection bias in Mendelian randomization: how bad is it likely to be? | Gkatzionis A et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Detecting and correcting for bias in Mendelian randomization analyses using Gene-by-Environment interactions. | Spiller W et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Endoscopic screening using esophageal iodine staining and genotypes of ADH1B and ALDH2 in Japanese alcohol-dependent women. | Yokoyama A et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Genetic determinants of beverage consumption: Implications for nutrition and health. | Cornelis MC | β | 2019 | β |
| A multiple mediator analysis approach to quantify the effects of the ADH1B and ALDH2 genes on hepatocellular carcinoma risk. | Shih S et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Causal Inference in Cancer Epidemiology: What Is the Role of Mendelian Randomization? | Yarmolinsky J et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Consensus report of the 8 and 9th Weinman Symposia on Gene x Environment Interaction in carcinogenesis: novel opportunities for precision medicine. | Carbone M et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Inferring Causal Relationships Between Risk Factors and Outcomes from Genome-Wide Association Study Data. | Burgess S et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Mendelian randomization studies of cancer risk: a literature review. | Pierce BL et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| The challenging interpretation of instrumental variable estimates under monotonicity. | Swanson SA et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Validation of Alcohol Flushing Questionnaires in Determining Inactive Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-2 and Its Clinical Implication in Alcohol-Related Diseases. | Shin CM et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Alcohol and coronary artery calcification: an investigation using alcohol flushing as an instrumental variable. | Yun KE et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Alcohol Consumption, Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Gene Polymorphisms, and Cardiovascular Health in Korea. | Shin MJ et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Alcohol metabolism and oesophageal cancer: a systematic review of the evidence. | Matejcic M et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Association between ALDH2 rs671 G>A polymorphism and gastric cancer susceptibility in Eastern Asia. | Jiang Y et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Commentary: Mendelian randomization-inspired causal inference in the absence of genetic data. | Zuccolo L et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Effects of alcohol consumption, ALDH2 rs671 polymorphism, and Helicobacter pylori infection on the gastric cancer risk in a Korean population. | Yang S et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Gene-by-Environment Interactions on Alcohol Use Among Asian American College Freshmen. | Luk JW et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Independent effects of ADH1B and ALDH2 common dysfunctional variants on gout risk. | Sakiyama M et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Mendelian randomization in cardiometabolic disease: challenges in evaluating causality. | Holmes MV et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Sensitivity Analyses for Robust Causal Inference from Mendelian Randomization Analyses with Multiple Genetic Variants. | Burgess S et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| The relationship between drinking alcohol and esophageal, gastric or colorectal cancer: A nationwide population-based cohort study of South Korea. | Choi YJ et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Adding Mendelian randomization to a meta-analysis-a burgeoning opportunity. | Niu W et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Alcohol consumption and corresponding factors: A novel perspective on the risk factors of esophageal cancer. | Peng Q et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Alcohol Intake and Risk of Incident Melanoma: A Pooled Analysis of Three Prospective Studies in the United States. | Rivera A et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 in aplastic anemia, Fanconi anemia and hematopoietic stem cells. | Van Wassenhove LD et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Biology, Genetics, and Environment: Underlying Factors Influencing Alcohol Metabolism. | Wall TL et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Genetically lowered concentrations of circulating sRAGE might cause an increased risk of cancer: Meta-analysis using Mendelian randomization. | Huang Q et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| G = E: What GWAS Can Tell Us about the Environment. | Gage SH et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Long-Term Alcohol Consumption and Breast, Upper Aero-Digestive Tract and Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. | Jayasekara H et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Mendelian Randomization as an Approach to Assess Causality Using Observational Data. | Sekula P et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Selecting instruments for Mendelian randomization in the wake of genome-wide association studies. | Swerdlow DI et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Alcohol intake and cardiovascular risk factors: A Mendelian randomisation study. | Cho Y et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Alcohol metabolism by oral streptococci and interaction with human papillomavirus leads to malignant transformation of oral keratinocytes. | Tao L et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Diagnosis and management of high risk group for gastric cancer. | Yoon H et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Exploring causal associations of alcohol with cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors in a Chinese population using Mendelian randomization analysis. | Taylor AE et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Gene-environment interactions in esophageal cancer. | Matejcic M et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Impact of multiple Alcohol Dehydrogenase gene polymorphisms on risk of laryngeal, esophageal, gastric and colorectal cancers in Chinese Han population. | An J et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Increased alcohol consumption as a cause of alcoholism, without similar evidence for depression: a Mendelian randomization study. | Wium-Andersen MK et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Abdominal obesity and lower gray matter volume: a Mendelian randomization study. | Debette S et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Aldehyde dehydrogenase activity enriches for proximal airway basal stem cells and promotes their proliferation. | Hegab AE et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| A second-class science? A defence of observational epidemiology to make causal inferences. | Bell S et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Meta-analysis of the aldehyde dehydrogenases-2 (ALDH2) Glu487Lys polymorphism and colorectal cancer risk. | Zhao H et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Replication study of ESCC susceptibility genetic polymorphisms locating in the ADH1B-ADH1C-ADH7 cluster identified by GWAS. | Wang J et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Chronic diseases and conditions related to alcohol use. | Shield KD et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Genetics and alcoholism. | Edenberg HJ et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Genetic variants at 4q23 and 12q24 are associated with head and neck cancer risk in China. | Yuan H et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Is aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 a credible genetic instrument for alcohol use in Mendelian randomization analysis in Southern Chinese men? | Au Yeung SL et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Multiple alcohol dehydrogenases but no functional acetaldehyde dehydrogenase causing excessive acetaldehyde production from ethanol by oral streptococci. | Pavlova SI et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Simultaneous determination of volatile organic compounds and carbonyls in mainstream cigarette smoke using a sorbent cartridge followed by two-step elution. | Uchiyama S et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| The case-only test for gene-environment interaction is not uniformly powerful: an empirical example. | Wu C et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Using Mendelian randomisation to infer causality in depression and anxiety research. | Gage SH et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Alcohol consumption and digestive tract cancer. | Haas SL et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Alcohol consumption, genetic variants in alcohol deydrogenases, and risk of cardiovascular diseases: a prospective study and meta-analysis. | Drogan D et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Genetic variation in alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1A, ADH1B, ADH1C, ADH7) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2), alcohol consumption and gastric cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. | Duell EJ et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Genome-wide association analyses of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Chinese identify multiple susceptibility loci and gene-environment interactions. | Wu C et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Inclusion of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions unlikely to dramatically improve risk prediction for complex diseases. | Aschard H et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Recommendations and proposed guidelines for assessing the cumulative evidence on joint effects of genes and environments on cancer occurrence in humans. | Boffetta P et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| The implications of genotype-environment correlation for establishing causal processes in psychopathology. | Jaffee SR et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| A genome-wide association study of upper aerodigestive tract cancers conducted within the INHANCE consortium. | McKay JD et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Alcohol ingestion and colorectal neoplasia: a meta-analysis based on a Mendelian randomization approach. | Wang J et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Association between alcohol intake and risk for gastric cancer with regard to ALDH2 genotype in the Korean population. | Shin CM et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Derivatization of carbonyl compounds with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and their subsequent determination by high-performance liquid chromatography. | Uchiyama S et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Generating large-scale longitudinal data resources for aging research. | Gallacher J et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Genetic testing for aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 deficiency in young adults. | Hendershot CS | β | 2011 | β |
| Population-specific genetic associations with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in South Africa. | Bye H et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Short-term salivary acetaldehyde increase due to direct exposure to alcoholic beverages as an additional cancer risk factor beyond ethanol metabolism. | Lachenmeier DW et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Use of genetic markers and gene-diet interactions for interrogating population-level causal influences of diet on health. | Davey Smith G | β | 2011 | β |
| ADH1B Arg47His polymorphism is associated with esophageal cancer risk in high-incidence Asian population: evidence from a meta-analysis. | Zhang G et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase polymorphisms and a new strategy for prevention and screening for cancer in the upper aerodigestive tract in East Asians. | Yokoyama A et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Association of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene polymorphism with pancreatic cancer but not colon cancer. | Miyasaka K et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Association of ALDH2 genotypes with periodontitis progression. | Nishida N et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Epigenetic epidemiology of common complex disease: prospects for prediction, prevention, and treatment. | Relton CL et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Evaluation of a brief web-based genetic feedback intervention for reducing alcohol-related health risks associated with ALDH2. | Hendershot CS et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Formation of acetaldehyde-derived DNA adducts due to alcohol exposure. | Yu HS et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Gene-environment interaction and male reproductive function. | Axelsson J et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Genetic predisposition to gastro-oesophageal cancer. | Lao-Sirieix P et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Mendelian randomization as applied to coronary heart disease, including recent advances incorporating new technology. | Lewis SJ | β | 2010 | β |
| Mendelian Randomization for Strengthening Causal Inference in Observational Studies: Application to Gene Γ Environment Interactions. | Smith GD | β | 2010 | β |
| Meta-analysis of ADH1B and ALDH2 polymorphisms and esophageal cancer risk in China. | Zhang GH et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Polymorphisms of alcohol dehydrogenase-1B and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 and the blood and salivary ethanol and acetaldehyde concentrations of Japanese alcoholic men. | Yokoyama A et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Relationship between genetic polymorphisms of ALDH2 and ADH1B and esophageal cancer risk: a meta-analysis. | Yang SJ et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| The changing face of esophageal cancer. | Melhado RE et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| The relation between different dimensions of alcohol consumption and burden of disease: an overview. | Rehm J et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Translating genomics into improved healthcare. | Hingorani AD et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Upper gastrointestinal cancer predisposition syndromes. | Shah MA et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Usefulness of Mendelian randomization in observational epidemiology. | Bochud M et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Acetaldehyde as a common denominator and cumulative carcinogen in digestive tract cancers. | Salaspuro M | β | 2009 | β |
| Acetaldehyde stimulates FANCD2 monoubiquitination, H2AX phosphorylation, and BRCA1 phosphorylation in human cells in vitro: implications for alcohol-related carcinogenesis. | Marietta C et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 and head and neck cancer: a meta-analysis implementing a Mendelian randomization approach. | Boccia S et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Artisanal alcohol production in Mayan Guatemala: chemical safety evaluation with special regard to acetaldehyde contamination. | Kanteres F et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Carcinogenicity of acetaldehyde in alcoholic beverages: risk assessment outside ethanol metabolism. | Lachenmeier DW et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Effect of alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and flushing response on esophageal cancer risk: a population-based cohort study (JPHC study). | Ishiguro S et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Genetic modulation of ADH1B and ALDH2 polymorphisms with regard to alcohol and tobacco consumption for younger aged esophageal squamous cell carcinoma diagnosis. | Lee CH et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Genetic variations in esophageal cancer risk and prognosis. | Cheung WY et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Mendelian randomization: how it can--and cannot--help confirm causal relations between nutrition and cancer. | Schatzkin A et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Mendelian randomization in nutritional epidemiology. | Qi L | β | 2009 | β |
| Salivary acetaldehyde increase due to alcohol-containing mouthwash use: a risk factor for oral cancer. | Lachenmeier DW et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| The alcohol flushing response: an unrecognized risk factor for esophageal cancer from alcohol consumption. | Brooks PJ et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Use of pathway information in molecular epidemiology. | Thomas DC et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Alcohol intake and blood pressure: a systematic review implementing a Mendelian randomization approach. | Chen L et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Assessing intrauterine influences on offspring health outcomes: can epidemiological studies yield robust findings? | Smith GD | β | 2008 | β |
| Carcinogenetic impact of ADH1B and ALDH2 genes on squamous cell carcinoma risk of the esophagus with regard to the consumption of alcohol, tobacco and betel quid. | Lee CH et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Demonstration of ethanol-induced protein adducts in oral leukoplakia (pre-cancer) and cancer. | Warnakulasuriya S et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Determination of ancestral allele for possible human cancer-associated polymorphisms. | Maruta Y et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Family history and the risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer. | Garavello W et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Genetic polymorphisms and micronucleus formation: a review of the literature. | Iarmarcovai G et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Genetic susceptibility to cancer: the role of polymorphisms in candidate genes. | Dong LM et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Mendelian randomization: can genetic epidemiology help redress the failures of observational epidemiology? | Ebrahim S et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Mendelian randomization: using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology. | Lawlor DA et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Molecular pathogenesis of head and neck cancers. | Singh B | β | 2008 | β |
| Potential mechanism for Calvados-related oesophageal cancer. | Linderborg K et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| The role of acetaldehyde outside ethanol metabolism in the carcinogenicity of alcoholic beverages: evidence from a large chemical survey. | Lachenmeier DW et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Alcohol dehydrogenase 1B genotype and fetal alcohol syndrome: a HuGE minireview. | Green RF et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Alcohol dehydrogenase 3 and risk of esophageal and gastric adenocarcinomas. | Terry MB et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Capitalizing on Mendelian randomization to assess the effects of treatments. | Davey Smith G | β | 2007 | β |
| Carcinogenicity of alcoholic beverages. | Baan R et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Clustered environments and randomized genes: a fundamental distinction between conventional and genetic epidemiology. | Smith GD et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Endoscopic therapy in patients with Barrett's esophagus and portal hypertension. | Prasad GA et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Gamma-glutamyltransferase is associated with incident vascular events independently of alcohol intake: analysis of the British Women's Heart and Health Study and Meta-Analysis. | Fraser A et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Gene-environment correlations: a review of the evidence and implications for prevention of mental illness. | Jaffee SR et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Genetic polymorphisms and esophageal cancer risk. | Hiyama T et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Cohort profile: The Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study, a Guangzhou-Hong Kong-Birmingham collaboration. | Jiang C et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Genetic association studies in cancer: good, bad or no longer ugly? | Savage SA et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Interactive effects of lifetime alcohol consumption and alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase polymorphisms on esophageal cancer risks. | Chen YJ et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Make it HuGE: human genome epidemiology reviews, population health, and the IJE. | Smith GD et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Meta-analyses of ALDH2 and ADH1B with alcohol dependence in Asians. | Luczak SE et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Randomised by (your) god: robust inference from an observational study design. | Smith GD | β | 2006 | β |
| Science communication in transition: genomics hype, public engagement, education and commercialization pressures. | Bubela T | β | 2006 | β |
| Genetic epidemiology and public health: hope, hype, and future prospects. | Davey Smith G et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| No association between dopamine D4 receptor gene variants and novelty seeking. | JΓΆnsson EG et al. | β | 2002 | β |