ACE risk_factor_for smoking

Subject: ACE
Relation: risk_factor_for
Object: smoking
p-value: —

Evidence from: primary | all sources

Evidence (1 sources)

Economic Burden of Health Conditions Associated With Adverse Childhood Experiences Among US Adults. (2023) PMID:38055277 cited

Adjusted odds ratio for smoking among adults with 4 or more ACEs was 6.48 (95% CI, 6.20‑6.78).

confidence: 0.97