physical abuse risk_factor_for cannabis dependence

childhood maltreatment ... approximately twofold greater risk of cannabis problems in both racial/ethnic groups

EAs and AAs who experienced childhood maltreatment had greater odds of reporting cannabis problems (OR = 2.32 and 2.03, respectively).

E explained all of the covariation of maltreatment with the two stages of cannabis involvement among the AAs (rE=0.36–0.39).

Logistic regression analyses examining the association between childhood maltreatment and ... problem use were conducted separately for EA and AA participants.

whether the heritability of cannabis ... problems ... was modified by the presence or absence of maltreatment

shared environmental influences overlapped with those related to childhood maltreatment; shared environment plays an important role in the association between maltreatment and cannabis outcomes among EAs

certain forms of maltreatment ... are more closely related to cannabis involvement

direct influence of child maltreatment on CAD symptoms

significant relations between child maltreatment prior to Wave 1 and CAD symptoms at Wave 3 (CR = 2.77; p < .001)... indirect path from child maltreatment to late adolescence CAD symptoms via early adolescence CAD symptoms.

child maltreatment experiences would predict early adolescent substance use problems, specifically CAD symptoms

We also found evidence for a direct effect of early child maltreatment on higher levels of CAD symptoms.