parent-child relationship associated_with cigarettes

For adolescents whose pubertal timing can be characterised as on-time, a reciprocal pattern of effects linked parent-child relationship quality with cigarette ... across a twelve-month period

examined the transactional nature of links between parent-child relationship quality and ... cigarette ... use

Parent-child relationship quality at Time 1 was associated within and across time with cigarette ... use (r = .10 to .32 p<.01).

The relationship between Time 1 parent-child relationship quality and cigarette use at Time 2 was significantly stronger for late maturing girls (β = .25, p<.05) than for early (β = .03, p>.10) or on‑time girls (β = .06, p<.05).

reciprocal links between poor parent-child relationship quality and cigarette ... use over and above stability.

parent-child relationship quality and the use of cigarettes ... are reciprocally linked over and above stability ...