smoking risk_factor_for major depressive disorder

Subject: smoking
Relation: risk_factor_for
Object: major depressive disorder
p-value: —

Evidence from: primary | all sources

Evidence (1 sources)

Age-varying associations between substance use behaviors and depressive symptoms during adolescence and young adulthood. (2015) PMID:26483358 cited

Smokers ... a higher prevalence of lifetime MDD ... than non-smokers

confidence: 0.95