parental divorce/separation risk_factor_for smoking
Evidence from:
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Evidence (2 sources)
Risks for early substance involvement associated with parental alcoholism and parental separation in an adolescent female cohort.
(2014)
PMID:24647368
cited
parental separation predicted earlier initiation ... smoking
confidence: 0.96
Risks for early substance involvement associated with parental alcoholism and parental separation in an adolescent female cohort.
(2014)
PMID:24647368
cited
Twins from nonalcoholic families where parents separated were at nearly three times increased likelihood of smoking before age 11, and nearly two times increased likelihood over ages 11-14.
confidence: 0.96