cigarettes risk_factor_for COPD

Subject: cigarettes
Relation: risk_factor_for
Object: COPD
p-value: —

Evidence from: primary | all sources

Evidence (2 sources)

Time to First Morning Cigarette and Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Smokers in the PLCO Cancer Screening Trial. (2015) PMID:25985429 cited

Compared to non-cases, individuals with COPD ... smoked more cigarettes per day.

confidence: 0.90

Clinical practice. Treating smokers in the health care setting. (2011) PMID:21991895 cited

Those who reduce their smoking ... experience rates of ... COPD ... closer to those of heavy smokers.

confidence: 0.92