smoking risk_factor_for mortality

Subject: smoking
Relation: risk_factor_for
Object: mortality
p-value: —

Evidence from: primary | all sources

Evidence (2 sources)

Characterising smoking and smoking cessation attempts by risk of alcohol dependence: A representative, cross-sectional study of adults in England between 2014-2021. (2022) PMID:35814338 cited

Smoking is one of the single largest contributors to mortality and morbidity.

confidence: 0.96

Collider scope: when selection bias can substantially influence observed associations. (2018) PMID:29040562 cited

smoking as a phenotype, where smoking is associated with premature mortality.

confidence: 0.96