tobacco use risk_factor_for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Subject: tobacco use
Relation: risk_factor_for
Object: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
p-value: —

Evidence from: primary | all sources

Evidence (1 sources)

A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. (2012) PMID:23245609 cited

compiled study-level estimates of the RR of mortality associated with ... active smoking ... for the following outcomes: ... chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ...

confidence: 0.93