smoking risk_factor_for death
Evidence from:
primary |
all sources
Evidence (2 sources)
Collider scope: when selection bias can substantially influence observed associations.
(2018)
PMID:29040562
cited
smoking as a phenotype, where smoking is associated with premature mortality
confidence: 0.97
Nicotine withdrawal sensitivity, linkage to chr6q26, and association of OPRM1 SNPs in the SMOking in FAMilies (SMOFAM) sample.
(2009)
PMID:19959688
cited
Smoking was reported to underlie 4.8 million premature deaths in the world in 2000
confidence: 0.95