Internalizing (any among major depressive disorder, panic disorder, social phobia, or suicidal ideation) and externalizing (either conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder) domains based on offspring data about DSM-IV lifetime criteria (39) from the SSAGA interviews were included to account for potential effects of self-medication on substance use (40, 41) and associations of externalizing and internalizing problems with sexual debut (42) and with parental AUDs (43, 44). Assaultive and non-assaultive trauma variables were based on a trauma screen which preceded the posttraumatic stress disorder section of the interview. Based on evidence that interpersonal assaultive events have a stronger and more enduring effect on psychopathology and substance use than nonassaultive events (45–49), and that traumatic events cluster together (50), we created two composite variables representing report of one or more lifetime assaultive traumas (stabbed, shot, mugged, threatened with a weapon, robbed, kidnapped, held captive, raped or molested) and nonassaultive traumas (life-threatening accident, disaster, witnessing someone seriously injured or killed, and unexpectedly finding a dead body). The earliest reported age of occurrence of an internalizing or externalizing disorder or traumatic event was
