The largest GWAS of CPD (Saunders et al., 2022) identified 140 genomic risk loci, compared with 5 in the largest GWAS of FTND (Quach et al., 2020) and 1 in the current study of DSM-NicDep. This likely reflects the much larger sample size in the CPD study. Despite a similar sample size, the FTND GWAS identified more loci than the current DSM-NicDep GWAS, possibly because that study used a linear model to analyze a categorical three-level (mild–moderate–severe) measure while our analyses relied on binary diagnoses. A recent GWAS of ICD-TUD that had a much larger sample size than ours (N = 898,680) identified 88 loci (Toikumo et al., 2024. In the current study, DSM-NicDep was highly correlated with ICD-TUD. Given their high genetic correlation, future efforts may consider combining these diagnostic modalities as sources of information on tobacco use disorder.
