Again we may examine estimates of fij to discover the reasons for departure from HWE; a positive/negative fij indicates a deficiency/excess of heterozygotes of type AiAj. A disadvantage of this model is that the fixation indices are on awkward ranges: 1−12pipj≤fij≤1 (so that the lower bound can extend below −1, which is not true for the model with a single f), which can produce difficulties for inference.
