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Chunk #5 — Method — Measures — Substance use

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Temperament and externalizing behavior as mediators of genetic risk on adolescent substance use.
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drinks in a row at least once in the past two weeks (Johnston, O’Malley, Miech, Bachman, & Schulenberg, 2015). We also examined frequency of past year cigarette use and frequency of past year marijuana use (i.e., number of occasions) to see whether these findings generalize to other substances often initiated in late adolescence. Adolescent rates of cigarette and marijuana use in the past year (28.9% and 33.3%, respectively) were also higher for our sample compared to non-risk community samples. Monitoring the Future estimates that about 10% of 10th graders smoked cigarettes in the past 30 days and approximately 30% used marijuana in the last 12 months (Johnston et al., 2015).