Parents were administered the Child and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale (CAFAS) to assess their child’s functional impairment. The CAFAS has demonstrated high test–retest reliability, construct validity, and predictive validity. Subscales used were: School/Work (functioning in group/educational setting); Home (observation of reasonable rules and performance of age appropriate tasks); Behavior Toward Others; Moods/Emotions. Inter-rater reliabilities were high (α range = .83–.98). Individual subscales are rated based on the adolescents’ most severe level of dysfunction, selected from a number of options spanning severe (e.g., out of school or job due to behavior that occurred at school or on job), moderate, mild, or minimal/no impairment (graduated from high school or received GED). The CAFAS total score is a sum of these scores (ranging from 0 to 180 at 10-point increments). Interviewers were trained by a certified trainer using six practice vignettes, followed by ten mock reliability vignettes. Inter-rater reliabilities were high (α range = .83–.98).
