The study also had limitations. First, the standardized, body-weight and sex-adjusted fixed dose of alcohol was chosen to produce a sharp rise in BrAC to minimize variability. But this procedure did not allow for other clinically-relevant aspects of drinking, including both self-paced drinking and choice to drink in the presence of both alcohol and other reinforcers or consequences. Second, we were not able to test participants under 21 years of age, and it is possible that alcohol-related changes had already occurred before the participants enrolled in the CSDP. Recent work shows that older adolescent heavy drinkers exhibit sensitivity to alcohol stimulation with heightened tonic wanting (Chavarria et al., under review), so prospective studies with younger participants, perhaps in locations where adolescent drinking is permitted, would be valuable in determining the earliest precipitants of adaptive responses to alcohol. Third, although our sample developed AUD at a higher rate than the 12.7% general population rate (1), the final AUD+ sample size was modest. However, using two similar but not overlapping outcome approaches may ameliorate concerns about sample size. Using AUD+ vs AUD−
