Subjective Responses to Alcohol in the Development and Maintenance of Alcohol Use Disorder.

Mean AUD symptom count and heavy drinking occasions per month over 10 years of follow-up for A) AUD+/− (as determined at Year 10) groups and B) AUD SX subgroupsData are shown as mean (SEM), with the left panel depicting AUD symptoms at each follow-up interval for each group and the right panel depicting binge drinking frequency over follow-up. A) AUD+ and AUD− groups were identified based on AUD symptom counts per the DSM-5 at Year 10 follow-up. B) Three trajectory subgroups were identified based on symptom count from DSM-IV alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence; 0–11 possible) over 10 years of follow-up occurring at initial testing and years 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10 (dotted lines represent model fits). As the study began before the DSM-5 was developed, symptom counts for years 1–5 were based on the 11 criteria comprising DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence (First et al., 2002). For unity, these DSM-IV criteria were also used for follow-ups in years 6–10 for trajectory analysis. Notably, only 1 symptom is different between DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence criteria versus those for DSM-5 AUD.

Subjective alcohol responses at initial, 5- and 10-year re-examinations in AUD+ and AUD− groups (as determined at Year 10)Data are shown as means (±SEM) of change scores (alcohol session minus placebo session) for the four primary subjective response measures each time point and each testing phase. for AUD+ at Year 10 (n=39) and AUD− at Year 10 (n=145). AUD+ and AUD− groups were identified based on AUD symptom counts per the DSM-5 at Year 10 follow-up. Y-axis range for liking and wanting differ slightly given the range of values and that liking is based on a scale with mid-point as neutral. Details on the statistical testing are in Table 3.

Subjective alcohol responses at initial, 5- and 10-year re-examinations for AUD SX trajectory subgroupsData are shown as means (SEM) for low AUD sx count (n=103), intermediate AUD sx count (n=62), and high AUD sx count (n=19) trajectory groups at initial and re-examination phases. Subjective response data are change scores (alcohol session minus placebo session) at each time point. Y-axis range for liking and wanting differ slightly given the range of values and that liking is based on a scale with mid-point as neutral. Details on the statistical testing are in Table 3.