section, we review findings from GxE studies, which aim to simultaneously examine the role of genetic variants and environmental exposures in the etiology of depression. As described below, GxE studies have the potential to help identify genetic variants associated with risk or resilience against depression that are only revealed in specific subgroups of the population who have experienced a given environment. In the third section, we address the challenges that face genetic studies of depression and describe emerging strategies that may be useful for overcoming these challenges. We encourage readers who may be unfamiliar with basic genetic concepts to refer to the following resources35,36 as well as the resources listed in Table 1.
