initially fed the control liquid dextrose diet (Bio-Serv, Frenchtown, NJ) for 3 days to acclimate them to the liquid diet. Afterward, half of the mice from each group were fed the liquid ethanol diet (Bio-Serv, Frenchtown, NJ) and the other half from each group were pair-fed the control dextrose diet on an isoenergetic basis, as described by Lieber and DeCarli (16). The content of ethanol was gradually increased every 3–4 days from 10% of total calories (1.77% [vol/vol]) to 20% (3.54% [vol/vol]), 25% (4.42% [vol/vol]), to 30% (5.31% [vol/vol]), and finally 35% of total calories (6.2% [vol/vol]). The ethanol-fed mice had access to their rations ad libitum, and the conditions of the mice in each group were comparable. The amount of food consumed by the mice from each group was approximately the same. After ethanol feeding (4 weeks for cyp2a5−/− and cyp2a5+/+ mice, and 3 weeks for pparα+/+ and pparα−/− mice), all mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation after blood collection via the retro-orbital venous sinus under anaesthesia by inhalation of isoflurane. Serum activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), as well as serum levels of triglyceride (TG), glucose, total bilirubin, and alcohol were measured
