The assessments of PDs were based on the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IV (AUDADIS-IV) (Grant et al., 2001a; Ruan et al., 2008). The diagnosis of each PD, except ASPD, required an evaluation of the individual’s long-term pattern of functioning (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Respondents were asked a series of PD symptom questions about how they felt or acted most of the time throughout their lives, regardless of the situation or whom they were with. They were instructed not to include symptoms limited to times when they were depressed, manic, drinking heavily, using medicines or drugs, or experiencing withdrawal symptoms, or during times when they were physically ill. To receive a DSM-IV PD diagnosis, respondents needed to endorse the requisite number of DSM-IV symptom items for the particular PD, and at least one positive symptom must have caused social and/or occupational dysfunction. The DSM-IV distress/impairment criterion does not apply to ASPD. Multiple symptom items were used to operationalize the more complex criteria associated with certain PDs. Consistent with DSM-IV, diagnoses of ASPD required the requisite number of criteria,
