social and/or occupational dysfunction. The DSM-IV distress/impairment criterion does not apply to ASPD. Multiple symptom items were used to operationalize the more complex criteria associated with certain PDs. Consistent with DSM-IV, diagnoses of ASPD required the requisite number of criteria, in addition to the specified number of criteria for conduct disorder before age 15. Reliability and validity of AUDADIS-IV personality disorders have been reported elsewhere (Grant et al., 2003; Ruan et al., 2008).
