As compared to NA, PA has been relatively under-represented as an independent predictor in EMA studies with mixed results when it is examined (e.g. Dunbar et al., 2010; Shiffman et al., 2002, 2014; Shiffman & Waters, 2004). These preliminary data indicated that the rate of change in PA was stably and negatively correlated with craving, suggesting the subjects experiencing acute decreases in PA was related to the observed increases in craving. Conversely, withdrawal/NA and craving trajectories were only significantly correlated late in the day. These findings should be considered preliminary and require replication in future studies.
