Social behaviors in human beings and non-humans alike are complex interactions between genetics, early life experiences, and later social learning that can be altered by PNEE [for a review, see Ref. (242, 243)]. For human beings, appropriate behavior in a social context is critical for societal integration, therefore, it is critical to consider that PNEE can shape lifelong behavior, and that FASD is not simply a childhood disorder as highlighted by Streissguth and colleagues (16) in a longitudinal study examining childhood, adolescents, and adults (16).
