the following criteria: (i) mismatch between self-reported and genetically inferred sex; (ii) missingness or heterozygosity outliers; and (iii) sex chromosome aneuploidy. For the validation and testing of PRS in the EUR population, we used non-British EUR samples that are unrelated to the White British samples included in Neale Lab UKBB GWAS. Lastly, we converted imputed dosage data into hard coded genotypes using PLINK 2.0 with default parameters (i.e., dosage was rounded to the nearest hardcall when the distance was no great than 0.1; otherwise a missing hardcall was saved), and performed variant-level QC within each target population by removing variants meeting one of the following criteria: (i) call rate <0.98; (ii) MAF <0.01; (iii) Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test p-value <10−10; and (iv) imputation INFO score <0.8. The final target dataset included 7,507 AFR, 687 AMR, 2,181 EAS, 14,085 EUR and 8,412 SAS individuals, with 12,886,200, 8,593,932, 6,506,126, 8,211,053 and 8,032,121 variants, respectively. TWB target data: The Taiwan Biobank (TWB)32,33 is a prospective cohort study of the Taiwanese population. Participants were 30 to 70 years old at recruitment. Among the 33 quantitative traits examined in UKBB, we identified 21 traits that were also available in TWB. We used 14,232 samples genotyped on
